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Background: Occult HBV infection (OBI) is the absence of hepatitis surface antigens (HBsAg) that is not apparent during detection by serological tests despite the presence of virus DNA. This study aimed to explore the prevalence of OBI infection among various populations in Diyala province, Iraq. Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted from 1st January to 30th September, 2021, at Ibn Sina Dialysis Center, Baquba Teaching Hospital, Iraq. Three hundred and sixty participants were equally involved (90 individuals for each) from the dialysis department, the thalassemia department, blood bank donation Centre, and the control group. Study populations were screened for HBV Ag, HBV c IgG, HBV c IgM, abusing the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test, and detecting HB core gene. Demographic data of the study group were recorded. Descriptive analysis was done using SPSS Version 25, and the P-value was considered significant wherever it was below 0.05. Results: The positivity rate of serological markers of OBI among the study population was (6.7%) of the participants were HBs Ag positive. Whereas 22 (6.1%) were anti-HBc IgG positive and 3 (0.8%) were anti-HBc IgM positive. The detection rates of the PCR products of 76 participants after amplification using specific primers for (core-gene) have been presented to the gel electrophoresis, which showed none of the 76 participants were positive for the HBc gene. Conclusion: The current study showed a medium percentage of anti-HBc IgG in the serum of the study groups without the presence of HBs Ag, which indicates the presence of a previous infection that was resolved or the occurrence of occult hepatitis B infection. The current study results also showed that the serum of any of the study groups was not positive for the core gene, which confirms the possibility of infection with OBI.

Background: One of the main public health challenges in the globe is the prevalence of the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Objectives: The curent study aimed to determine the prevalence of hepatitis B virus in renal dialysis patients in Diyala province, Iraq. Methods: Ninety of renal dialysis patients attended Ibn-Sina Dialysis Center were screened for HBsAg, HBc IgG, HBc IgM and HBe Ab using ELISA technique, and then positive results were retested by conventional PCR for detection of HBs gene and HB core gene. Demographic data of study population were recorded. Simple statistical analysis was done using SPSS Version 25. Results: Among studied samples, the seroprevalence of HBsAg, Anti-HBc Ab, Anti-HBc IgM and Anti-HBe Ab were 4.4%, 17.8%, 2.2% and 5.6% respectively. The results of conventional PCR showed that only 1(1.1%) of HBs gene at 417 bp in renal dialysis patients were positive. Whereas, the HBc gene at 791 bp was not detected in all included study population. Conclusion: The prevalence of HBV was relatively high among renal dialysis in Diyala province/Iraq.

Food poisoning is the disease of toxic or infectious nature resulting or suspected to be resulting from consumption of water or food. There are significantly underestimated cases of foodborne diseases, and relatively few well-investigated outbreaks are revealed, though these often give information on etiological agents and the reason behind contaminations. This retrospective case study of collective food poisoning was designed to the establishment of a database inherent to food poisoning specific for Diyala province / Iraq during the period between 2013-2021. The results show that, between 2013-2021, 5 outbreaks of food poisoning were observed in Diyala province involving 1188 cases (327 hospitalized & 0 deaths). The data in the study will give information on the present situation and epidemiological evolution during the period of the study. Female predominance was shown among the samples included in the study (Sex ratio M/F = 0.85), and (54% of cases were female, and 46% of cases were male), and the age groups which 68% were under 30 years old.62.8% of cases with water contaminated consumption, and 62.8% of cases in Baqubah2 sector. stool culture reports showed growth of different microorganism. Samples of Water contaminated consumption showed growth of E.coli,

This sheet offers a novel topology for di-graphs termed independent incompatible edges topology, which creates the topology from the edges set 𝕶 for whatever di-graph. On edges 𝕶, a family of sub-basis is used for build the independent incompatible edges topology. After that, we look at assorted properties; explore the Independent Incompatible Edge Topology on some types of di-graphs. In addition, this topology’s some initial results were studied. Our objective is to understand several aspects of any di-graph using it is corresponding independent incompatible edges topology, the topology that is discussed in this paper.