Objectives/HypothesisTo examine whether there is a rationale for iron treatments precipitating nosebleeds (epistaxis) in a subgroup of patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT).Study DesignSurvey evaluation of HHT patients, and a randomized control trial in healthy volunteers.MethodsNosebleed severity in response to iron treatments and standard investigations were evaluated by unbiased surveys in patients with HHT. Serial blood samples from a randomized controlled trial of 18 healthy volunteers were used to examine responses to a single iron tablet (ferrous sulfate, 200 mg).ResultsIron tablet users were more likely to have daily nosebleeds than non–iron‐users as adults, but there was no difference in the proportions reporting childhood or trauma‐induced nosebleeds. Although iron and blood transfusions were commonly reported to improve nosebleeds, 35 of 732 (4.8%) iron tablet users, in addition to 17 of 261 (6.5%) iron infusion users, reported that their nosebleeds were exacerbated by the respective treatments. These rates were significantly higher than those reported for control investigations. Serum iron rose sharply in four of the volunteers ingesting ferrous sulfate (by 19.3–33.1 μmol/L in 2 hours), but not in 12 dietary controls (2‐hour iron increment ranged from −2.2 to +5.0 μmol/L). High iron absorbers demonstrated greater increments in serum ferritin at 48 hours, but transient rises in circulating endothelial cells, an accepted marker of endothelial damage.ConclusionsIron supplementation is essential to treat or prevent iron deficiency, particularly in patients with pathological hemorrhagic iron losses. However, in a small subgroup of individuals, rapid changes in serum iron may provoke endothelial changes and hemorrhage.Level of Evidence4. Laryngoscope, 126:2468–2474, 2016

HighlightsGallbladder torsion is a rare condition of increasing prevalence in recent years.Two types of anatomical predispositions have been described in gallbladder torsion.Classically, a “triad of triads” has been described to aid in the clinical diagnosis of gallbladder torsion.Delayed recognition and intervention can lead to fatal sequelae including gangrene and perforation.

Arrhythmias are the most common cardiac phenotype in HHT, and likely to be aggravated by iron deficiency anemia, its treatments, and/or high output states due to AVMs. Myocardial infarction rates may be reduced in this apparently high risk population.

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