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Applying ecological approach in the planning and design of urban fringe areas has gained significant attention in the current decade, and a myriad of research has been conducted using these principals. However, integrating these principles with socioeconomic criteria has been discussed loosely. This could be due to two different realms of thinking which are associated with disciplines of ecology and social-economical sciences making a successful coexistence between these them quite challenging. The purpose of this paper is to achieve sustainable built-natural environment interactions in urban fringe areas by taking socioeconomic factors along with ecological principles into account. In this study, change detection analysis from 1994 to 2016 is conducted to show the trend of urban construction and the natural environment's reaction to urban expansion. The structural elements of the urban fringe area including river systems, green patches, and landform are extracted to analyze their behavior in interaction with urban construction through looking at all segmentations of each element's continuity from north to south. Socioeconomic factors influencing these changes are also discussed and analyzed. The results show broad changes between the southern and northern parts in terms of the continuity and function of structural elements. Finally, considering structural and functional improvement potentials and restrictions, short-term and long-term strategies for rehabilitation and improvement of the structure and function of the urban fringe areas are provided.

Essential oils isolated by hydro distillation from the aerial parts of Thymus fallax Fisch. & C.A. Mey. at full flowering stage, were analyzed by a combination of capillary GC and GC-MS. Ten components were identified, constituting approximately 98.7 % of the oil. The main constituents of the essential oil were carvacrol (69.2 %), p-Cymene (15.4 %), Thymol (5.3 %) and γ-Terpinene (4.5 %), respectively.

Green Infrastructure Development (GID) is a wellknown method for dealing with runoff control and mitigating the urbanization effects on hydrological cycles. Other than hydrological factors, GID is obviously intertwined with many socioeconomic, environmental, and aesthetic considerations, constraints, and drivers. Human perceptions are valuable resources to distinguish these considerations and can be derived from unstructured information using a systematic method. The purpose of this article is to exhibit how the perceptions of stakeholders were derived in Tehran for a conceptual model of green infrastructure development. For this, we applied a combination of Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) and Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM). The results revealed the main stakeholders, their relationships and responsibility, main obstacles for GID, and the conceptual system of activities for GIs development in Tehran. Based on the results, actions for improving the