Sustained attention has been shown to be vulnerable following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Sleep restriction and disturbances have been shown to negatively affect sustained attention. Sleep disorders are common but under-diagnosed after TBI. Thus, it seems possible that sleep disturbances may exacerbate neuropsychological defi cits for a proportion of individuals who have sustained a TBI. The aim of this prospective study was to examine whether poor sleepers post-TBI had poorer sustained and general attentional functioning than good sleepers post-TBI. Retrospective subjective, prospective subjective, and objective measures were used to assess participants' sleep. The results showed that the poor sleep group had signifi cantly poorer sustained attention ability than the good sleep group. The differences on other measures of attention were not signifi cant. This study supports the use of measures that capture specifi c components of attention rather than global measures of attention, and highlights the importance of assessing and treating sleep problems in brain injury rehabilitation. ( JINS , 2010, 16, 17-25.)