Smartphone ownership is fast becoming a birth-right in the world of today. For developers, this opens up a whole new world of business opportunities where applications are being purchased every single day. Besides the multi billions of dollars spent each year on application purchases alone, consumers nowadays are facing an even newer trend; In-App Purchasing. In-App purchasing refers to a scenario where the initial applications are downloadable for free, however some additional functions or elements of the applications may be acquired within the applications for a small (or not so small) fee. This paper aims to review this trend and the guidelines that is applied to this phenomenon by the three main smartphone operating systems; iOS, Android and Windows. This would be done by highlighting the major strengths and weaknesses that each platform has to offer, as well as the common policies that are enforced across all three platforms.

Common development team will spend less resources on User Requirement Specification (URS) validation, in the case of development project that provides this URS in the phase of competing for tender. In order to overcome this, the use of meta-requirement in evaluation of requirements is being introduce. The purpose of this article is to present the finding of a systematic literature review of meta-requirements. A methodology that involve defining a systematic way of finding literature and presenting it in a meaningful manner has been adopted. Meta-requirement is an area that is station within the field of information system design theory which is contain in the design research body of knowledge. Based on the result of the analysis of the systematic literature review, it is shown that there is still advancement in the field of meta-requirement and there still improvement that can be done to further the knowledge and contribution in this area. It is suggested that further research that will define a highly comprehensive model of creating meta-requirement should be undergo and the issue of meta-requirement traceability against real-world requirements should be tackle.

In order to fully utilize the Grid resources, an implementation of a good scheduling algorithm is greatly important. However, for a complex scheduler that aims to achieve high performance for more than one performance metrics, a suitable objective function should be carefully considered. This paper shows that a different objective function will have different affect to the Grid performance. IntroductionRecently, Grid computing have been attracting interest from researchers in the field of mathematics [8], biosciences [10], engineering [17] and others important fields. Furthermore, the increasing need for network, storage and computing resources is projected to double every 9, 12 and 18 months respectively [7]. As the increase in data size, processing complexity as well as communication technology is becoming more challenging in the Grid computing environment, issues related to performance becomes increasingly important. Achieving high-performance Grid computing requires techniques to efficiently and adaptively allocate jobs to available resources in a large scale, highly heterogeneous and dynamic environment. Therefore, it is very important for a Grid system to have a scheduler that meets both administrator and user performance expectation.

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In wireless mesh network environment, available bandwidth (ABW) estimation is important to provide feedback on the quality of network infrastructure to end user. Recent study shows the emerging of Round Trip (RT) based ABW tools where it eliminates the need of having a receiver end. However, these tools are not fully tested in various network environment and benchmark with existing widely used ABW tools. In this paper, we perform an extensive performance analysis study on RT based tools with other widely used ABW tools by looking at the accuracy and consistency. In term of accuracy and consistency, RT based tools excel in these conditions.