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Construction wastes have become a pressing issue in many developing countries and have adverse effects on environment, economy and social aspects. Illegal dumping is a common issue created from the physical construction waste and besides that non physical waste like cost and time overruns are not properly addressed among the construction players. This paper explores the impacts of construction on sustainable construction and contributing causes which will help the practitioners to formulate ways in avoiding or reducing the waste. It also highlights the sustainable approach in managing the construction waste as practice.

This paper investigates a communication system where three terminals exchange their information with each other with the help of a relay. One joint network and channel coding (JNCC) scheme (based on iterative soft information exchange between channel and network decoder) and one separate network and channel coding scheme based on turbo codes are proposed. The outage behavior of the presented systems are compared with two reference systems, where no network coding (NC) is applied. It is shown that the network coding approaches allow the system to gain diversity for higher rates than the schemes without NC. Moreover, JNCC outperforms the separate approach by exploiting the redundancy provided by the network code.

We present an in-depth performance analysis of the gains of physical layer (PHY) abstraction when compared to a full implementation of the physical layer. The abstraction model uses either effective signal to noise plus interference (SINR) mapping or mutual information effective SINR mapping and covers different transmission modes as well as support for hybrid automatic repeat request. Using the OpenAirInterface LTE system level simulator we show that for a simple network with one base station and two user equipments these PHY abstraction techniques decrease the simulation time by a factor of up to 100 while providing the same accuracy as with the full PHY implementation.

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