No abstract

In the current study, alkaline hydrogen peroxide pretreated oil palm trunk fibers were subjected to ethanol production via simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF). The effect of high substrate loading, enzyme and substrate feeding strategy, and influence of a pre-hydrolysis step in SSF was studied to scale up ethanol production. In the enzyme feeding strategy, the addition of an enzyme at the start of fed-batch SSF significantly (p < 0.05) increased ethanol concentration to 51.05 g/L, ethanol productivity (Q P ) to 0.61 g/L•h, and ethanol yield (Y P/S ) to 0.31 g/g, with a theoretical ethanol yield of 60.65%. Furthermore, the initial velocity of the enzyme (V 0 ) in the first 8 h was 2.27 (g/h) with a glucose concentration of 18.17 g/L. On the other hand, the substrate feeding strategy and pre-hydrolysis simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (PSSF) process were studied in a 1 L fermenter. PSSF in fed batch with 10 and 20% (w/v) significantly improved enzyme hydrolysis, circumvent the problems of high viscosity, reduced overall fermentation time, and gave the highest ethanol concentration of 51.66 g/L, ethanol productivity (Q P ) of 0.72 g/L•h, ethanol yield (Y P/S ) of 0.31 g/g, and theoretical ethanol yield of 60.66%. In addition, PSSF with 10 and 20% significantly increased the initial velocity of the enzyme (V 0 ) to 4.64 and 4.40 (g/h) and glucose concentration to 37.14 and 35.27 g/L, respectively. This result indicated that ethanol production by PSSF along with substrate feeding could enhance ethanol production efficiently.

Research conducted with ethical values is the need of modern world and great benefit to the society in general and human beings in particular. Clinical research basically focuses on improving human health individually by improving current trends, methodologies and identifying innovative methods of treatment. Public health research is mainly concerned with the health of the entire populace. No standard rules can be formulated for conducting any form of research ethically; however following some basic ethical values can assure ethical conduct of research. In any research study whether that is public health research or clinical research, the importance is need to be to recognize an ethical standard that respects individual’s autonomy and community’s wellbeing. Ethical values in research studies can be achieved by requiring individual’s and community’s collective collaboration for the protection of individuals autonomy, dignity and wellbeing.

No abstract

Standard of care is an ordinary, reasonable formal treatment and diagnostic process that a physician should follow for his/her patient with specific disease. Standard of care followed in one country may not suit to other country; the reason may involve economic conditions, certain norms, beliefs, tradition and culture of that society. It may be considered ethical if it does not exploit human rights and poor vulnerable population, once it exploits the human rights it creates ethical dilemmas that need to be sort out to protect vulnerable population and to make the research more ethical. Patients attending medicine department of Bolan Medical Complex (BMC) Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan were selected randomly interviewed and requested to fill the questionnaire. The ethical issues in clinical research conducted on human population have been perplexing and remains to be the same in clinical research settings. Exploitive use of research participants in resource poor developing countries has intensified the debate on the ethics of international research and led to increasing attention to exploitation of vulnerable study subjects. The issues of conducting research in developing countries will remain and need to be focused and debated where and whenever require. One has to try sincerely to sort out the ethical problems while conducting a research study, he might fail to solve all the issues but the situation may improve by the time if tried sincerely.