The performance of kopyor Dwarf coconuts from embryo culture in the field has not been reported. This study was conducted to determine the difference in vegetative and generative performances of three fruit color phenotypes (brown, green, and yellow) of kopyor Dwarf coconuts in the first year after the first flower appeared. The coconuts were planted in Bogor, West Java at 260 masl with average temperature 26.9 ºC and average rainfall 4,300 mm/year. Each color phenotype was represented by 20 kopyor coconut trees from the same planting date that had not been flowering yet. When the first flowers appeared, Kopyor Brown Dwarf (KBD) had 14.6 fronds, while Kopyor Yellow Dwarf (KYD) and Kopyor Green Dwarf (KGD) had 15.5 and 17.1 fronds respectively. Other vegetative components when the first flower appeared were not significantly difference among the three color phenotypes such as stem girth (90.7-99.2 cm), stem height (18.6-23.9 cm), frond length (3.9-4.2 m) and canopy diameter (5.8-6.1 m). KBD coconuts started flowering faster than that of KGD and KYD. The numbers of flowers formed in the first year of flowering were 15 to 17 flowers per tree. There was an initial sharp decrease in the survival of young fruits, but this levelled off after 2-3 months. On average 18-22 fruits per bunch at flowering decreased to 5-6 fruits per bunch at maturity. The survival of fruits in KGD (6.2 fruits per bunch) was higher than KBD (4.0 fruits) and KYD (4.5 fruits) at 11 months after flowering. The average fruit size and weight of brown phenotype were higher than green and yellow phenotypes. The mature brown fruits had a lower husk percentage, but higher shell and fruit meat percentages than those of the green and yellow fruits.[Keywords: fruit color phenotype, kopyor Dwarf coconut, fruit abortion, fruit quality] AbstrakKeragaan kelapa Genjah kopyor asal kultur embrio di lapang belum pernah dilaporkan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengamati perbedaan keragaan vegetatif dan generatif tiga varietas kelapa Genjah kopyor yang berbeda dari warna buah (coklat, hijau dan kuning) pada tahun pertama sejak bunga pertama muncul. Kelapa tersebut ditanam di Bogor, Jawa Barat pada 260 mdpl dengan rerata suhu 26,9 ºC dan curah hujan 4.300 mm/tahun. Tiap fenotipe warna diwakili oleh 20 pohon kelapa kopyor berumur sama yang belum berbunga. Pada saat bunga pertama muncul, kelapa Genjah Coklat Kopyor (GCK) memiliki 14,6 pelepah daun, sedangkan Genjah Kuning Kopyor (GKK) dan Genjah Hijau Kopyor (GHK) berturut-turut memiliki 15,5 dan 17,1 pelepah. Parameter vegetatif lain ketika bunga pertama muncul tidak berbeda nyata antar fenotipe warna misalnya lingkar batang (90,7-99,2 cm), tinggi batang (18,6-23,9 cm), panjang pelepah (3,9-4,2 m) dan diameter tajuk (5,8-6,1 m). GCK mulai berbunga lebih cepat dibandingkan dengan GHK dan GKK. Jumlah bunga yang terbentuk selama satu tahun pertama pembungaan adalah 15 sampai 17 bunga per pohon. Jumlah buah muda yang bertahan hidup menurun tajam pada awal, namun relatif stabil setelah 2-3 bulan. Rata-rata terbentuk sebanyak 18-22 buah per tandan pada awal pembungaan dan menurun menjadi 5-6 buah per tandan saat dewasa. Buah yang bertahan hidup pada GHK (6,2 buah per tandan) lebih tinggi dibanding GCK (4,0 buah) dan GKK (4,5 buah) pada umur 11 bulan setelah bunga mekar. Rata-rata ukuran dan bobot buah fenotipe coklat lebih tinggi daripada fenotipe hijau dan kuning. Buah kelapa GCK mempunyai persentase sabut yang lebih rendah, tetapi persentase tempurung dan daging buah yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan buah kelapa GHK dan GKK.[Kata kunci: fenotipe warna buah, kelapa Genjah kopyor, kerontokan buah, kualitas buah]
AbstrakBioreaktor perendaman sesaat (BPS) telah digunakan secara luas untuk propagasi skala massal berbagai tanaman penting, termasuk tanaman tebu. BPS menyediakan sistem kultur semi-otomatis dan kondisi optimal bagi pertumbuhan tanaman. Beberapa faktor menentukan pertumbuhan tanaman pada BPS, salah satunya densitas dari eksplan. Oleh karena itu, penelitian dilakukan untuk menentukan bobot awal yang optimal untuk kalus tebu yang dikulturkan pada BPS, serta mengevaluasi pengaruh perbedaan bobot awal kalus tersebut terhadap proliferasi dan regenerasi kalus tebu. Kalus tebu diinduksi dari daun muda yang masih menggulung dari empat varietas tebu unggul Indonesia. Bobot awal kalus yang dikultur ke dalam bejana TIB yaitu 0,05 g; 0,1 g; 0,2 g; 0,5 g; dan 1,0 g untuk setiap bejana. Kalus kemudian melalui tahap proliferasi pada BPS sebanyak tiga siklus, kemudian kalus diregenerasi pada BPS dengan perlakuan auksin dan sitokinin. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 0,2 g merupakan bobot awal kalus yang efisien untuk proliferasi kalus tebu pada TIB, dimana eksponensial multiplikasi kalus tercapai pada bobot awal tersebut, yaitu untuk masing-masing varietas 130,3 kali (PSKA 942), 136,8 kali (PS 094), 21,3 (PS 881), dan 12,9 kali (PS 091) setelah 12 minggu. Densitas kalus pada TIB berkorelasi negatif dengan karakteristik fisikokimia medium. Hal ini menggambarkan variasi intensitas pertumbuhan dan metabolisme kalus dengan adanya perbedaan densitas pada BPS. Penggunaan BAP 0,2 mg L-1 bersama kinetin 0,2 mg L-1 paling sesuai untuk memacu regenerasi kalus tebu dengan menghasilkan jumlah tunas terbanyak dalam waktu relatif lebih cepat (1 – 2 minggu lebih cepat) dibandingkan perlakuan lainnya dan dengan tingkat kejadian pencoklatan yang rendah.[Kata kunci: kultur in vitro, kultur cair, proliferasi]AbstractTemporary immersion bioreactor (TIB) has been utilized for the mass-scale propagation of many important plants, including sugarcane. TIB facilitates a semiautomated culture system and provides optimal conditions for plant growth. Several factors determine plant growth in the TIB, such as explant density. Therefore, an experiment was carried out to determine the optimal initial weight of sugarcane calli and to evaluate its effect on the proliferation and regeneration in TIB. Sugarcane calli were induced from spindle leaves isolated from four Indonesian prime sugarcane varieties. The initial weights of the calli cultured in the TIB flasks were 0.05 g, 0.1 g, 0.2 g, 0.5 g and 1.0 g per flask. The calli were proliferated through three cycles in TIB, and subsequently regenerated in TIB with auxin and cytokinin treatments. The results of the experiments showed that 0.2 g was the most efficient initial weight for sugarcane callus proliferation in the TIB, resulting in an exponential multiplication rate of 130.3-fold (PSKA 942), 136.8-fold (PS 094), 21.3-fold (PS 881), and 12.9-fold (PS 091) within 12 weeks. In the TIB, callus density showed a negative correlation with the physicochemical properties of the medium, demonstrating various growth intensities or metabolic activities of calli at different densities in the TIB. The use of 0.2 mg L-1 BAP along with 0.2 mg L-1 kinetin was suitable for promoting the regeneration of sugarcane calli and producing the highest number of shoots in a relatively short amount of time (1 – 2 weeks faster) with low incidences of browning.[Keywords: in vitro culture, liquid culture, proliferation]
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