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Diet plays a key role to maintaining healthy life. Many natural products present in our diet, such as flavonoids, can prevent the progression of cancer. Quercetin, a distinctive bioactive flavonoid, is a dietary component that has attracted the attention of dietitians and medicinal chemists due to its numerous health-promoting effects. It is an outstanding antioxidant that has a well-documented role in reducing different human cancers. Quercetin exhibits direct proapoptotic effects on tumor cells and thus can inhibit the progress of numerous human cancers. The anticancer effect of quercetin has been documented in numerous in vitro and in vivo studies that involved several cell lines and animal models. On the other hand, the high toxic effect of quercetin against cancer cells is accompanied with little or no side effects or harm to normal cells. Accordingly, this review presents an overview of recent developments on the use of quercetin against different types of cancer along with mechanisms of action. In addition, the present review summarizes the literature pertaining to quercetin as an anticancer agent and provides an assessment of the potential utilization of this natural compound as a complimentary or alternative medicine for preventing and treating cancer.

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Single cell encoding with quantum dots as live cell optical tracers for deriving proliferation parameters has been developed using modelling to investigate cell cycle and proliferative outputs of human osteosarcoma cells undergoing mitotic bypass and endocycle routing. A computer-based simulation of the evolving cell population provides information on the dilution and segregation of nanoparticle dose cell by cell division and allows quantitative assessment of patterns of division, at both single cell and including whole population level cell cycle routing, with no a-priori knowledge of the population proliferation potential. The output therefore provides a unique mitotic distribution function that represents a convolution of cell cycle kinetics (cell division) and the partitioning coefficient for the labelled cell compartment (daughter-daughter inheritance or lineage asymmetry). The current study has shown that the cellular quantum dot fluorescence reduced over time as the particles were diluted by the process of cell division and had the properties of a non-random highly asymmetric event. Asymmetric nanoparticle segregation in the endosomal compartment has major implications on cell-fate determining signaling pathways and could lead to an understanding of the origins of unique proliferation and drug-resistance characteristics within a tumour cell lineage.

With the significant growth of internet usage, people increasingly share their personal information online. As a result, an enormous amount of personal information and financial transactions become vulnerable to cybercriminals. Phishing is an example of a highly effective form of cybercrime that enables criminals to deceive users and steal important data. Since the first reported phishing attack in 1990, it has been evolved into a more sophisticated attack vector. At present, phishing is considered one of the most frequent examples of fraud activity on the Internet. Phishing attacks can lead to severe losses for their victims including sensitive information, identity theft, companies, and government secrets. This article aims to evaluate these attacks by identifying the current state of phishing and reviewing existing phishing techniques. Studies have classified phishing attacks according to fundamental phishing mechanisms and countermeasures discarding the importance of the end-to-end lifecycle of phishing. This article proposes a new detailed anatomy of phishing which involves attack phases, attacker’s types, vulnerabilities, threats, targets, attack mediums, and attacking techniques. Moreover, the proposed anatomy will help readers understand the process lifecycle of a phishing attack which in turn will increase the awareness of these phishing attacks and the techniques being used; also, it helps in developing a holistic anti-phishing system. Furthermore, some precautionary countermeasures are investigated, and new strategies are suggested.