We present the results of a field experiment conducted within the Harvard Medical School system of hospitals and research centers to understand how colocation impacts the likelihood of scientific collaboration. We introduce exogenous colocation and face-to-face interactions for a random subset of biomedical researchers responding to an opportunity to apply for a research grant. While the overall baseline likelihood of any two researchers collaborating is small, we find that random colocation significantly increases the likelihood of pair-level coapplication by almost 70%. The effect of exogenous colocation on subsequent collaboration was greater for previous coauthors, pairs including a woman, and pairs researching similar clinical areas. Our results suggest that matching between scientists may be subject to considerable frictions-even among those in relatively close geographic proximity and in the same organizational system. At the same time, even a brief and focused intervention facilitating face-to-face interactions can provide information that impacts the formation of scientific collaborations. is known about how team members search for and match with one another. These processes of team formation may be particularly important in academic research, where one of the most conspicuous freedoms is the freedom to choose with whom one works.The process of forming collaborations might be thought of in two stages: individuals first find potential collaborators with complementary knowledge or resources, and then they undertake the decision to enter collaborations. We should observe the formation of a particular collaboration if the expected benefits exceed the costs for each of the parties involved. Thus, information should play an especially important role in the matching process: information is needed both about potential collaborators and about the costs and benefits associated with the collaboration. As in other markets in which agents match, the market for scientific collaborators may also be characterized by search frictions (Mortensen and Pissarides 1999). For example, frictions may arise due to search costs associated with finding potential collaborators, or due to asymmetric information about the ability of potential coauthors or about the quality of the match (Fafchamps, Goyal and van der Leij 2009). We might expect any number of factors to play a role in inducing individuals to choose to collaborate and to successfully coordinate in doing so, and many of these factors are not easily observed to both parties ex ante -such as current research interests, personal chemistry and disposition, and timing and scheduling constraints. In fact, many of these factors that may matter in choosing collaborators might only be observed through information gained in close geographic proximity, i.e. through face-to-face interactions However, these studies are all based on evidence from collaborations that have already formed, and thus remain mostly silent on the mechanisms by which team members find each other and decide to ...

In this paper we examine several dimensions of gender disparity for a sample of 40 countries using micro-level data. We start by documenting the reversal of the gender education gap and ranking countries by the year in which it reversed. Then we turn to an analysis of the state of other gaps facing women: we compare men and women's labor force participation (the labor force participation gap), married and single women's labor force participation (the marriage gap), and mothers' and non-mother's labor force participation (the motherhood gap). We show that gaps still exist in these spheres in many countries, though there is significant heterogeneity among countries in terms of the size of and the speed at which these gaps are changing. We also show the relationship between the gaps and ask how much the participation gap would be reduced if the gaps in other spheres were eliminated. In general, we show that while there seems to be a relationship between the decline of the education gap and the reduction of the other gaps, the link is rather weak and highly heterogeneous across countries.