In the context of influenza pandemic preparedness planning, a surveillance system for influenza and other acute respiratory illnesses was implemented in Lower Saxony at the beginning of the influenza season 2004/2005 and coordinated by the Governmental Institute of Public Health of Lower Saxony. This surveillance system represents an addition to already existing national monitoring systems. The goal of this surveillance system is to have available prompt information on the beginning, course and end of the influenza season and to recognise the spectrum of pathogens and identify outbreaks of other viral acute respiratory illnesses (ARI). For this purpose an all-season surveillance was established consisting of two supplementary modules. The first module is a symptom-oriented surveillance of acute respiratory illnesses in children of pre-school day care facilities. In the second module a virological surveillance in co-operation with selected medical practices was established. While the temporal course and burden of ARI in all Lower Saxony can be assessed by the surveillance of children in the day-care facilities in a sensitive, but less specific way, the virological surveillance provides highly specific information on the prevailing pathogens in ARI patients at a certain time. This information, in return, gives an indication about the responsible pathogens causing ARI in children of the day-care facilities. The first experience with these two complementary surveillance modules shows that in Lower Saxony a well accepted, prompt and meaningful monitoring system is available for the recognition and description of the occurrence of ARI and concomitantly of influenza. An extension of this surveillance to other pathogens or disease scenarios is possible.
Background A Meningitis and Encephalitis Surveillance (MERIN) was implemented in 2003 in Lower Saxony, Germany as an alternative to acute flaccid paralyses surveillance, as the latter did not reach WHO sensitivity criteria. The system provides information on circulating enterovirus (EV) serotypes by focussing on patients with suspected aseptic meningitis, encephalitis or acute flaccid paralysis and contributes to the national surveillance in documenting polio free status. MERIN is based on voluntary participation of hospitals. Therefore, our evaluation focusses on acceptability of the system’s objectives and performance, and identifying areas for improvement. Methods To assess acceptability, 32 contributing hospitals were invited to an online-based survey (11/2021 to 01/2022) to rate the MERIN objectives, laboratory’s performance, their workload, modes of processes and communication. Ideas for improvement were collected in open fields. In addition, data completeness and timeliness of laboratory diagnostics were assessed. Results We received 30 questionnaires, 25 from pediatric and 5 from neurological departments, of 21 hospitals (66% response rate). High levels of satisfaction with the communication (≥ 96%), timeliness (≥ 81%), and distribution of the results (≥ 85%) were reported, 97% of participants judged the required workload as adequate. The median proportion of eligible patients included in MERIN was 75%. Participants gave rapid and reliable diagnostic testing the highest priority (96%), while monitoring of Germany’s polio-free status was rated the lowest (61%). Providing medical reports digitally as well regular as updates about circulating EV serotypes were identified as areas for improvement. Data completeness of selected variables ranged from 78.3 to 99.9%. Median time between sample collection and arrival at laboratory was 2 days [IQR 1–3], EV diagnostics via PCR took one day [IQR 0–6] and EV isolation on cell culture 11 days [IQR 10–13]. Conclusion MERIN is a highly accepted surveillance system. Its quality was enhanced further by addressing the suggested improvements such as regular reports on circulating EV serotypes and facilitating digital access to laboratory results. Our results emphasise the importance of recognizing and considering participants’ motivations and expectations, and addressing their priorities, even if this is not the surveillance system’s main focus. This approach can be applied to surveillance systems of other non-mandatory notifiable diseases.
Zusammenfassung Ziel der Studie Die zahnmedizinische Gruppenprophylaxe in Kindertageseinrichtungen (Kitas) und das in dieser Studie als einer ihrer Bausteine untersuchte Zähneputzen sollen Kariesinzidenz reduzieren und Zahngesundheit fördern. Bei der Umsetzung dieser Maßnahme treten allerdings verschiedene Barrieren auf. So wird ein erhöhtes Übertragungsrisiko respiratorischer Infektionskrankheiten in den Kitas befürchtet. In der ZINFEKT-Studie sollte überprüft werden, ob und in welchem Ausmaß Unterschiede in der Häufigkeit akuter respiratorischer Erkrankungen (ARE) zwischen Kitas auftreten, die Zähneputzen implementieren, und Kitas, die die Maßnahme nicht umsetzen. Methodik In einer ökologischen Studie wurden für N=33 Kitas aus der kreisfreien Stadt Braunschweig, der Region Hannover und dem Landkreis Osnabrück Daten der ARE-Surveillance des Niedersächsischen Landesgesundheitsamts 2013–2018 mit Angaben des Zahnärztlichen Dienstes zum Zähneputzen verknüpft. Als Beobachtungseinheiten wurden (in Anlehnung an das Konzept der „Patiententage“ der Infektions-Surveillance im Krankenhaus) „kranke Kinderwochen“ als Wochen definiert, in denen für ein in der Kita angemeldetes Kind eine ARE berichtet wurde. Neben Kreuztabellen wurden relative Risiken für kranke Kinderwochen in Abhängigkeit vom Zähneputzen sowie Breslow-Day-Tests für Interaktionen mit Ort, Kita-Größe, ARE-Saison und Zeitfenster innerhalb von ARE-Saisons durchgeführt. Ergebnisse Insgesamt war der Anteil an kranken Kinderwochen in den Kitas, die Zähne putzten, um 4,6% höher als in Kitas ohne Zähneputzen (17,9 vs. 13,3%; p<0,0001). Die Richtung dieses Unterschiedes änderte sich in den nach den räumlichen und zeitlichen Ko-Variablen stratifizierten Analysen mit einer Ausnahme (Kitas mit 50 oder weniger angemeldeten Kindern) nicht. Schlussfolgerung Die Annahme, dass regelmäßiges Zähneputzen in Kitas mit höheren ARE-Raten einhergeht, scheint angesichts der Ergebnisse eine empirische Entsprechung zu haben. Allerdings spricht der gefundene Unterschied trotz der Limitationen der Studie (vor allem das ökologische Studiendesign und mögliche Einschränkungen der Repräsentativität der Kitas) sowohl angesichts seiner Größe als auch der möglicherweise noch optimierbaren Hygiene-Compliance unseres Erachtens nicht gegen das Zähneputzen als Teil der zahnmedizinischen Gruppenprophylaxe in Kitas.
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