Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia caused by resistance to insulin action, inadequate insulin secretion, or excessive glucagon production. Numerous studies have linked diabetes mellitus and oxidative stress. People with diabetes usually exhibit high oxidative stress due to persistent and chronic hyperglycemia, which impairs the activity of the antioxidant defense system and promotes the formation of free radicals. Recently, several studies have focused on exploring natural antioxidants to improve diabetes mellitus. Fibraurea tinctoria has long been known as the native Borneo used in traditional medicine to treat diabetes. Taxonomically, this plant is part of the Menispermaceae family, widely known for producing various alkaloids. Among them are protoberberine alkaloids such as berberine. Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid with many pharmacological activities. Berberine is receiving considerable interest because of its antidiabetic and antioxidant activities, which are based on many biochemical pathways. Therefore, this review explores the pharmacological effects of Fibraurea tinctoria and its active constituent, berberine, against oxidative stress and diabetes, emphasizing its mechanistic aspects. This review also summarizes the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of berberine and in silico studies of berberine in several diseases and its protein targets.

Riskesdas data in 2018 showed that the number of tooth decays in West Kalimantan province was 49.55% and that in Pontianak City was 39.52%. The results of a preliminary survey conducted on 5th-grade students of SDN 09 Pontianak found an average of three deciduous teeth and four adult teeth affected by dental caries. One way to prevent dental caries is to brush the teeth using toothpaste that contain active antibacterial ingredients. One herb widely used as an active ingredient in toothpaste is siwak. This community service activity aims to increase knowledge and skills in making herbal toothpaste to reduce the dental plaque index. This activity uses health counseling methods through lectures, leaflet distribution, and training on making herbal toothpaste from siwak. This activity was conducted in collaboration with SDN 09 Pontianak and was held on Friday, June 24, 2022, with 53 participants. From this activity, the participants received education on the benefits of herbal toothpaste for dental and oral health. In addition, this training activity can increase creativity and skills in creating herbal toothpaste and foster an entrepreneurial spirit. After this activity, it will continue with training activities with the theme of entrepreneurship as part of efforts to downstream and commercialize herbal toothpaste products.