E lectronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are the most commonly used nicotine products among Canadian youth; a 2017 study estimated that 272 000 Canadians aged 15 to 24 years had used e-cigarettes in the last 30 days. 1 First available in China in 2004 and in the United States in 2006, 2 e-cigarettes are battery-powered devices that aerosolize various substances for inhalation, including nicotine, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol and flavouring agents that may contain diacetyl, a compound known to cause pulmonary toxicity. 3 Since its introduction to the North American market, use of e-cigarettes, or "vaping," has continued to rise. 4 Although use of this heavily marketed device is rapidly growing and becoming commonplace in Canada-particularly among youth-the impact of e-cigarettes on health is poorly understood. In recent years, several patterns of adverse reactions to vaping have been reported, including hypersensitivity pneumonitis, 5-8 diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, 9 organizing pneumonia, 10-14 acute eosinophilic pneumonia 15,16 and lipoid pneumonia. 17-21 Most recently, a cluster of 53 cases in the US was described as having hypoxemia and bilateral ground-glass opacities, consistent with a diffuse alveolar damage pattern of lung injury. 22 As of Nov.
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