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In vivo and in vitro studies were performed to evaluate acute toxicity, organ-specific distribution, and tissue accumulation of copper in Callinectes sapidus acclimated to two different experimental salinities (2 and 30 ppt). Blue crabs were quite tolerant to copper. Acute dissolved copper toxicity (96-h LC(50) and its corresponding 95% confident interval) was higher at salinity 2 ppt (5.3 (3.50-8.05) μM Cu) than at 30 ppt (53.0 (27.39-102.52) μM Cu). The difference between salinities can be completely explained based on the water chemistry because it disappeared when 96-h LC(50) values were expressed as the free Cu(2+) ion (3.1 (1.93-4.95) μM free Cu at 2 ppt versus 5.6 (2.33-13.37) μM free Cu at 30 ppt) or the Cu(2+) activity (1.4 (0.88-2.26) μM Cu activity at 2 ppt versus 1.7 (0.71-4.07) μM Cu activity at 30 ppt). The relationships between gill Cu burden and % mortality were very similar at 2 and 30 ppt, in accord with the Biotic Ligand Model. In vivo experiments showed that copper concentration in the hemolymph is not dependent on metal concentration in the surrounding medium at either experimental salinity. They also showed that copper flux into the gills is higher than into other tissues analyzed, and that anterior and posterior gills are similarly important sites of copper accumulation at both experimental salinities. In vitro experiments with isolated-perfused gills showed that there is a positive relationship between copper accumulation in this tissue and the metal concentration in the incubation media for both anterior and posterior gills. A similar result was observed at both low and high salinities. Furthermore, in vitro experiments showed that copper accumulation in posterior gills is also positively and strongly dependent on the incubation time with copper. Gill copper accumulation occurred at a lower rate in the first 2h of metal exposure, increasing markedly after this "steady-state" period. This finding was corroborated by a significant increase in copper influx to the gill perfusate (corresponding to crab hemolymph) after this time, measured using (64)Cu. In vivo, after uptake from solution, (64)Cu was primarily accumulated in the gills and the rest of the body rather than in the hemolymph, hepatopancreas, or other internal tissues. Overall, the present findings indicate that gills are a key target organ for copper accumulation, as well as an important biological barrier against the excessive uptake of copper into the hemolymph and the subsequent distribution of this metal to internal organs of the blue crab.

Teleost fish growth may be improved under isosmotic condition. Growth and metabolic performance of juvenile Mugil liza (isosmotic point: 12‰) were evaluated after 40 days in different salinities (0, 6, 12 and 24‰). Tests were performed in quadruplicate (30 fish/tank; 0.48 ± 0.1 g body weight; 3.27 ± 0.1 cm total length) under controlled water temperature (28.2 ± 0.1°C) and oxygen content (>90% saturation). Fish were fed on artificial diet (50% crude protein) four times a day until apparent satiation. Results showed that salinity influenced juvenile mullet growth. Fish reared at salinity 24‰ grew better than those maintained in freshwater (salinity 0‰). Gill Na + ,K + -ATPase activity and whole body oxygen consumption showed an U-shape-type response over the range of salinities tested, with the lower values being observed at the intermediate salinities. Although no significant difference was observed in liver glycogen content at different salinities, it tended to augment with increasing salinity. These findings indicate that energy demand for osmorregulation in juvenile M. liza can be minimized under isosmotic condition. However, the amount of energy spared is not enough to improve fish growth. Results also suggest that M. liza is able to alternate between different energy-rich substrates during acclimation to environmental salinity.O crescimento de peixes teleósteos pode ser melhorado em condição isosmótica. O crescimento e o desempenho metabólico de juvenis da tainha Mugil liza (ponto isosmótico: salinidade de 12‰) foram avaliados após 40 dias de cultivo em diferentes salinidades (0, 6, 12 e 24‰). Os testes foram realizados em 4 réplicas (30 peixes/tanque; 0,48 ± 0,1 g de peso corporal; 3,27 ± 0,1 cm de comprimento total) em condições controladas de temperatura (28,2 ± 0,1°C) e conteúdo de oxigênio (>90% saturação). Os peixes foram alimentados quatro vezes ao dia com dieta artificial (50% de proteína bruta) até a saciedade aparente. Os resultados mostraram que a salinidade influenciou o crescimento dos juvenis da tainha. Os peixes cultivados na salinidade 24‰ cresceram melhor que aqueles mantidos na água doce (salinidade 0‰). A atividade da Na + ,K + -ATPase branquial e o consumo corporal de oxigênio mostraram uma resposta do tipo em forma de U, na faixa de salinidade testada, com os menores valores sendo observados nas salinidades intermediárias. Apesar de não ter sido observada diferença significativa no conteúdo de glicogênio entre os peixes mantidos nas diferentes salinidades, este parâmetro tendeu a aumentar com o incremento da salinidade. Estes achados indicam que a demanda energética para osmorregulação em juvenis de M. liza podem ser minimizados em condição isosmótica. Entretanto, a quantidade de energia poupada não é suficiente para melhorar o crescimento. Os resultados também sugerem que M. liza é capaz de alternar entre diferentes substratos ricos em energia durante a aclimatação à salinidade da água.

We investigated the influence of salinity (5 ppt versus 25 ppt) on acute (96-h LC(50)) and chronic toxicity (15-30 day LC(50)) of Ni in two euryhaline crustaceans, the shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and the isopod (Excirolana armata). 96-h LC50 values were 41 μmolL(-1) and 362 μmolL(-1) for L. vannamei and 278 μmolL(-1) and >1000 μmolL(-1) for E. armata at 5 ppt and 25 ppt, respectively. Speciation analysis demonstrated that complexation with anions such as SO(4)(2-), HCO(3)(-) and Cl(-) at 25 ppt had a negligible effect on reducing the free Ni(2+) ion component in comparison to 5 ppt. The salinity-dependent differences in acute Ni toxicity could not be explained by differences in Ni bioaccumulation. Therefore, differences in physiology of the organisms at the two salinities may be the most likely factor contributing to differences in acute Ni toxicity. Chronic LC(50) values (2.7-23.2 μmolL(-1)) were similar in the two species, but salinity had no significant effect, indicating that water chemistry and osmoregulatory strategy do not influence chronic toxicity. However chronic (15-day) mortality in both species could be predicted by acute (96-h) Ni bioaccumulation patterns.

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