This study explores Javanese women in real life and in old and new Indonesian literary texts. History records how unequal the roles of Javanese women and men are in real life. The method used is structural hermeneutics. The question is how is the relationship between women and men in Javanese society embodied in life and literary texts? Gender and ethnographic approaches with content analysis were used to analyse literary texts as data sources. The main data is in the form of sentence excerpts taken from the text. The view-note-and-engage technique was adopted in data collection. Secondary data were taken from middle-class and upper-class women with in-depth interviews. All data were triangulated with the interpretation of Javanese cultural experts. The results show that women in literature and life play the role of queens such as Ratu Shima, Ratu Kencanawungu, but there are also women who are still confined because of the hegemony of male power such as the character Rapiah in the novel Salah Asuhan. There are also women who play a greater role in the socio-economic field. However, they have not been able to achieve full gender equality. The implication of this research is the need for women to make new history by seizing the role of equality needed in an egalitarian life, by achieving achievements in education, work, and the need for social care for other women and their families .
This study aimed to analyze Indonesia’s low Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) scores among PISA participating countries in the world, using the qualitative Spradley model method. Data collection involved studying PISA results documents, curriculum documents, newspapers, and television news. Observations and interviews (both formal and informal) with teachers and prospective teachers who were studying at private tertiary institutions were also used considering that the main researcher has been a lecturer since 1986 until now. Data analysis techniques included domain analysis, content analysis, narrative analysis, and critical discourse analysis. Data analysis related to the implementation of the educational curriculum from the Dutch colonial era to the present. It was found that not all teachers used higher order thinking skills (HOTS) and teachers complained that the curriculum was often changed by the Ministry of Education. Even distribution of the quality of education is also not optimal and experiences difficulties. This is because Indonesia is the fourth most populous country in the world, with the population spread over 17,000 islands separated by sea. This study recommends that the Indonesian Government make solid short-, medium- and long-term education master plans so that teachers are not bothered with curriculum changes on a regular basis. If participation in PISA by Indonesia is continued, this study recommends that the practice of PISA questions be increased and that PISA participants be selected using purposive sampling considering that the quality of education is not evenly distributed.
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