This study examines regional differences in the gender wage gap in Spain using matched employer-employee microdata, two different econometric decomposition methods and panel data techniques. Our findings suggest that Spain shows a significant regional heterogeneity in the size of the raw gap, roughly comparable to crosscountry differences observed in the European context. The results from the decomposition analysis show that although the bulk of the gender wage gap in Spanish regions is due to differences in the endowments of productive characteristics between males and females there is still a substantial part of the gap that remains unexplained. The analysis of the causes behind the variation of both, the raw and the unexplained gender wage gap by region highlights that several economic, institutional and demographic elements identified in previous studies analysing international differences in the gender wage gap are also relevant to explain regional differences in the gender wage gap in Spain.

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ResumenEl artículo examina la evolución de las diferencias salariales entre hombres y mujeres en España entre los años 2002 y 2010. La evidencia obtenida sugiere que el notable empeoramiento de la coyuntura económi-ca tras el inicio de la Gran Recesión ha tenido dos impactos reseñables sobre el diferencial salarial por razón de género. El primero es que se ha revertido la tendencia hacia la reducción de la brecha salarial por géne-ro que se venía produciendo en la economía española con anterioridad, durante la expansión económica. El segundo es que se ha generado un perfil creciente de la brecha salarial a lo largo de la distribución de salarios coincidente con el fenómeno de techo de cristal observado para otros países, pero no en períodos previos para España.Palabras clave: Diferencias salariales por razón de sexo; datos emparejados empresa-trabajador; descomposición salarial de Juhn-Murphy-Pierce; descomposición de Fortin-Lemieux-Firpo.Clasificación JEL: J16, J70. IntroducciónEl análisis de las diferencias entre los salarios obtenidos por hombres y mujeres con similares características productivas ha acaparado tradicionalmente un gran interés en la literatura económica (Altonji y Blank, 1999;Weichselbaumer y Winter-Ebmer, 2005). Este interés se ve acrecentado por las consecuencias de la Gran Recesión, que ha originado un dramático empeoramiento de los mercados de trabajo en el ámbito internacional. La literatura que aborda los efectos del ciclo económico sobre las condiciones laborales de las mujeres sugiere, en este sentido, que la respuesta de este colectivo en términos de empleo y salarios reales ante cambios en la coyuntura económica pudiera diferir de la de los hombres * Este trabajo se ha beneficiado de la financiación del proyecto de investigación CSO2011-29943-C03-02 del Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte. Agradecemos los comentarios y sugerencias recibidos por parte de dos evaluadores anónimos.

This article examines wage differences across Spain's NUTS‐2 regions along the entire wage distribution based on matched employer‐employee microdata from 2006 to 2014. Unlike previous related studies, we properly control for differences in regional purchasing power parities, which are very large in practice. Although part of the raw regional wage differences observed is explained by differences between regions in productive structures, and, to a much lesser extent, in labor forces, noteworthy, very similar throughout the wage distribution regional differences net of composition effects arise even after controlling for a broad set of individual and firm characteristics.

The IEB research group in Human Capital aims at promoting research in the Economics of Education. The main objective of this group is to foster research related to the education and training of individuals and to promote the analysis of education systems and policies from an economic perspective. Some topics are particularly relevant: Evaluation of education and training policies; monetary and non-monetary effects of education; analysis of the international assessments of the skills of the young (PISA, PIRLS, TIMMS) and adult populations (PIAAC, IALS); education and equality, considering the inclusion of the disabled in the education system; and lifelong learning. This group puts special emphasis on applied research and on work that sheds light on policy-design issues. Moreover, research focused in Spain is given special consideration. Disseminating research findings to a broader audience is also an aim of the group. This research group enjoys the support from the IEB-Foundation.The Barcelona Institute of Economics (IEB) is a research centre at the University of Barcelona (UB) which specializes in the field of applied economics. The IEB is a foundation funded by the following institutions: Applus, Abertis, Ajuntament de Barcelona, Diputació de Barcelona, Gas Natural, La Caixa and Universitat de Barcelona. The IEB working papers represent ongoing research that is circulated to encourage discussion and has not undergone a peer review process. Any opinions expressed here are those of the author(s) and not those of IEB. Documents de Treball de l'IEB 2016/3 EDUCATION, AGE AND SKILLS: AN ANALYSIS USING THE PIAAC SURVEYJorge Calero, Inés P. Murillo Huertas, Josep Lluís Raymond Bara ABSTRACT: The main aim of this paper is to analyse the evolution of adult skills, as captured by cognitive competencies assessed in the PIAAC, across age cohorts, explicitly taking into account that the quality of schooling might change from one cohort to another. We estimate a model that relates numeracy and literacy competencies to age, schooling, gender and variables related to both family background and labour market performance. The specification allows us to control for changes in the efficiency of the transformation of schooling into competencies when drawing age-skill profiles. Our results show that the effect of ageing on skills, once isolated from cohort effects related to schooling, decreases monotonically across consecutive cohorts. The evolution of the efficiency of the transformation of schooling into both numeracy and literacy skills shows a remarkably similar pattern. Nonetheless, this evolution differs substantially between education levels, with the efficiency of the transformation of schooling into skills showing a steadier profile for intermediate than it does for higher education. Finally, empirical evidence is provided for the decomposition of the differences in the skill levels of the older vs. the prime age generations. The results suggest that the progressive expansion of schooling across younger generations partiall...