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Abstract:In this paper, it is examined how, if at all, the logical laws can be normative for human reasoning, wherein the notion of normativity is analyzed primarily with respect to Wittgenstein's philosophy. During the ancient and the medieval periods, logic was being considered in terms of discourse and dialogical practice, but since Descartes and especially Kant, it has been treated as a system of laws with which the process of individual human reasoning has been compared. Therefore, normativity can be investigated in the private sphere (for thinking and reasoning) and in the public sphere (for dialogic practices in a community). Wittgenstein discussed both aspects of normativity: in his early philosophy, the focus is on the laws of logic that are primarily normative for the state of affairs in the world, while in his later works the emphasis is on a social aspect of normativity (which is closer to Aristotle's view), which is derived from the adopted rules that have been applied in a certain community. Taken that way, logic is certainly normative in the public sphere, but the more difficult issue is whether logic is normative for thinking, regarding the difference between the logical laws and those of thought.

We are exploring the historical significance of research in the field of machine translation conducted by Bulcsu Laszlo, Croatian linguist, who was a pioneer in machine translation in Yugoslavia during the 1950s. We are focused on two important seminal papers written by members of his research group from 1959 and 1962, as well as their legacy in establishing a Croatian machine translation program based around the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences of the University of Zagreb in the late 1950s and early 1960s. We are exploring their work in connection with the beginnings of machine translation in the USA and USSR, motivated by the Cold War and the intelligence needs of the period. We also present the approach to machine translation advocated by the Croatian group in Yugoslavia, which is different from the usual logical approaches of the period, and his advocacy of cybernetic methods, which would be adopted as a canon by the mainstream AI community only decades later.

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Sažetak Istražuje se povezanost prirodnoga jezika i mišljenja analizom načina na koji prirodni jezik utječe na izvođenje deduktivnih zaključaka s posebnim naglaskom na odnos između Ključne riječiprirodni jezik, jezična sposobnost, uporaba jezika, zaključivanje, kvantifikatori, pasiv UvodNa početku je potrebno razjasniti zašto je važno analizirati odnos prirodnoga jezika i ljudskoga zaključivanja. Najjednostavnije rečeno, jezik je medij pu tem kojega se zaključivanje provodi te se ono u velikoj mjeri oslanja na jezik i jezične strukture. Naime, jezik ima dvije osnovne funkcije, kognitivnu i ko munikacijsku. Dok komunikacijska funkcija služi za prenošenje informacija među članovima zajednice, kognitivna funkcija služi za oblikovanje misli te je pitanje u kojoj je mjeri uopće moguće predjezično mišljenje. Vezano uz obje jezične funkcije važno je naglasiti da uz to što jezik služi za oblikovanje misli, služi i za iskazivanje, ali i razumijevanje svih društvenih fe nomena. Searle 1 ističe kako je cjelokupna društvena stvarnost određena jezič-nim izrazima koji se koriste za njezino izražavanje, a to utječe i na predodžbu društvene stvarnosti svakoga člana zajednice. Svaki je pokušaj mišljenja i zaključivanja djelomično neslobodan zbog prirodnih ograničenja i načina funkcioniranja našega uma i tijela, odnosno slobodan je koliko to može biti u s obzirom na spomenuta ograničenja. Može se reći da jezik pripada prirodnoj