Maternal medication during the first trimester of pregnancy has been discussed as a risk factor for development of birth defects. The correlation between maternal drug use and major malformations was investigated in a population-based case-control study in Mainz. Over a period of 5 years (1990-1994), 20,248 livebirths, stillbirths, and abortions underwent physical and sonographic examination, and anamnestic data were collected. A total of 1,472 births with congenital anomalies (cases) and 9,682 births without major and minor malformations (controls) were analyzed. We distinguished between 30 different drug categories, which were divided into medication taken continuously (before and during pregnancy; CM) and acute medication (drugs given within the first 3 months of gravidity; AM). Statistically highly-significant results [CM: Odds Ratios (OR) 1.2, Confidence Intervals (CI) 1.1-1.4, P = 0.008; AM: OR 1.2, CI 1.1-1.3, P = 0.008] were established for maternal drug use in correlation to birth defects. For the majority of combinations between drugs and specific malformations no teratogenic risks were found. However, statistically significant associations were recorded for antiallergics and heart anomalies (CM, AM) as well as musculoskeletal anomalies (AM); for bronchodilators and heart anomalies (CM, AM); for antiepileptics and anomalies of the internal urogenital system (CM), as well as cleft palate/cleft lips (AM); for thyroid hormones and anomalies of the nervous system (CM, AM), as well as anomalies of the external urogenital system (CM, AM); for insulin and anomalies of the musculoskeletal system (CM); for digitalis and anomalies of the musculoskeletal system (AM).

Maternal medication during the first trimester of pregnancy has been discussed as a risk factor for development of birth defects. The correlation between maternal drug use and major malformations was investigated in a population‐based case‐control study in Mainz. Over a period of 5 years (1990–1994), 20,248 livebirths, stillbirths, and abortions underwent physical and sonographic examination, and anamnestic data were collected. A total of 1,472 births with congenital anomalies (cases) and 9,682 births without major and minor malformations (controls) were analyzed. We distinguished between 30 different drug categories, which were divided into medication taken continuously (before and during pregnancy; CM) and acute medication (drugs given within the first 3 months of gravidity; AM). Statistically highly‐significant results [CM: Odds Ratios (OR) 1.2, Confidence Intervals (CI) 1.1–1.4, P = 0.008; AM: OR 1.2, CI 1.1–1.3, P = 0.008] were established for maternal drug use in correlation to birth defects. For the majority of combinations between drugs and specific malformations no teratogenic risks were found. However, statistically significant associations were recorded for antiallergics and heart anomalies (CM, AM) as well as musculoskeletal anomalies (AM); for bronchodilators and heart anomalies (CM, AM); for antiepileptics and anomalies of the internal urogenital system (CM), as well as cleft palate/cleft lips (AM); for thyroid hormones and anomalies of the nervous system (CM, AM), as well as anomalies of the external urogenital system (CM, AM); for insulin and anomalies of the musculoskeletal system (CM); for digitalis and anomalies of the musculoskeletal system (AM). © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

It is with great interest that we read the Letter to the Editor by Martínez-Frías [1997] regarding our publication on correlations between drug exposure and major malformations. We are pleased to continue this scientific discussion and to have the opportunity to comment on the statements made by the authors as follows:1. In the described population-based study, we investigated 20,248 newborn fetuses and infants. There was no selected control group, because we investigated the entire population. A total of 1,472 births with major malformations (cases) and 9,682 births without major and minor malformations (controls) were analyzed. This implies that 9,094 children had minor malformations (mild errors of morphogenesis [MEM]). The MEM cases (e.g., preauricular tags, preauricular sinus, synophrys, hemangioma, single umbilical artery) classified by Méhes [1988] and Merlob [1994] were excluded from the control group, because associations between MEM and drug exposure cannot be excluded.2. The study design of the Mainz model is a population-based case-control study. From 1990 to 1994, we used a standardized procedure to examine 20,248 newborns (19,945 livebirths, 121 stillbirths, 182 spontaneous abortions >15th week of gestation as well as induced abortions) in the region of Mainz. Therefore, the prevalence rates are calculated directly and systematic deviations as well as biases are absent [Hennekens and Buring, 1987, pp 135-136]. Confounding factors were tested for drug intake and maternal disease (P value ‫ס‬ 0.292), maternal age > 35, (P ‫ס‬ 0.939), race (P ‫ס‬ 0.961), urban/rural differences (P ‫ס‬ 0.697), alcohol abuse (P ‫ס‬ 0.93), smoking (P ‫ס‬ 0.557), and another 21 anamnestic factors.The P values of these associations were far from statistically significant. The indepth testing for confounding factors would not have been sufficient to reach statistical significance, due to the small number of exposed cases.3. Testing associations between insulin treatment and major malformations are not identical to the testing of maternal nongestational diabetes mellitus and major malformations. The study includes all mothers receiving insulin during one of the two predetermined periods of therapy. This also includes mothers with gestational diabetes and malformed children. Therefore, the combination of major malformations and the administration of insulin cannot be completely disregarded, but most authors view diabetes mellitus and not insulin as a risk factor. 4. We reported no statistically significant associations between chromosome aberrations and drugs used during gestation.5. The odds ratios of the reported 13 statistically significant results range between 2.9 and 11.6. All other data shown are marked as, ''Not reaching statistical significance.'' 6. One of the aims of our publication was to present an overview of the most relevant data obtained by our first analyses. In this basic study we established 30 drug categories to obtain a sufficient number of exposed cases to determine the relevant categories for further i...