Deficit of human resources in health care is  a widespread problem occurring not only in Polish system. Demanding work, emotional stresses and insufficient support are often associated with the doctor's shift mode of work and an excess of duties combined with a shortage of time allocated to their performance. It can be assumed that most of the doctors intend to continue their work so far, but its negative features may in the future affect their decisions about choosing a different career path, especially if the shortage of medical personnel increases. This may further overburden doctors (especially young doctors) with excess working hours, reduce the quality of their activities, increase the chances of committing an unintended medical error related to exhaustion, and lead to functional burnout. This situation may lead to a renewed intensification of economic emigration to other countries, both in the EU and outside the EU, which create more favourable working conditions for working life. The scale of the problem is  exacerbated by the increasing health needs of the aging population, causing an increasing burden on the health care sector, both in the near and distant future. This can create a vicious cycle where increasing burdens will drain physicians out of public health system, and increase the burden put on remaining physicians. The resulting restriction of access to medical services will lead to the deterioration of the health condition of the Polish population. In order to prevent such a situation, it would be necessary to increase the motivation to remain both in the medical profession and at work in Poland through actions aimed at improving working conditions and strengthening the sense of occupational safety of doctors. These activities should be especially aimed at group of medics starting their professional lives.

Ever since Hippocrates expressed the view that environmental factors can influence disease incidence, attempts have been made to link the emergence of disease, especially outbreaks of infectious diseases, with the various factors that contribute to their occurrence. Among the possible causes favoring the spread of pathogens and the increase in the incidence of infectious diseases, environmental and social conditions are mentioned. An unprecedented set of new conditions has made the human population more vulnerable and more susceptible to infectious diseases than ever before. It is possible that the observed contemporary patterns of development and spread of infectious diseases may be seen as heralds of a new stage of epidemiological transformation characterized by an increased risk of infectious disease epidemics. In past centuries, one of the hallmarks of infectious disease plagues has been their unpredictability. Currently, warning forecasts prepared by scientists do not always translate into preventive measures.

Introduction Mobility, the ability to move from the place of residence, is a sign of the times. It results from many grounds and conditions. Numerous groups of mobile people can be distinguished. Changing the place of residence poses a health risk for mobile persons and, in the case of infectious diseases, also for people who may be in contact with them. Two groups of mobile people are in focus of the public health: the travelers and migrants and refugees. Purpose A panoramic presentation of selected issues related to multifacets and complex problem of travelers and migrants, health. Health risks and health interventions related to travel and migration are discussed, as well as system solutions for the health of travellers, migrants and refugees. State of knowledge Departures of travelers are induced by intrapersonal factors. The health risk depends on the state of health, the travel/transport conditions and mode, the specificity of the destination and the behavior of the traveller. Risk factors are relatively well recognized, including those of a biological nature. Health interventions have a long tradition, there are rules for systemic actions, but improvement of existing solutions is expected. Departures of migrants and refugees are caused by external factors. Health risk is multidimensional and related to the migration phase (pre-migration, movement, arrival). Risk factors for the health of migrants are insufficiently recognized and can be of a very diverse nature - physical, chemical, biological, psychophysical and social. Health interventions are poorly established and focused on improving access to healthcare. The necessity for a broader spectrum of activities, including political, interdisciplinary, multisectoral and global ones is pointed. Summary Travelers’, migrants’ and refugees’ health are becoming increasingly important nationally and internationally.

Introduction Urbanisation is a global process leading to development of urban infrastructure and thus an increase in the population of urban areas. Health threats, including epidemics of infectious diseases that may break out in growing urban areas, can spread quickly and their effects could spread outside of the local territory. Purpose To outline the relationship between globalising, post-modern urbanisation processes, in particular the specific form of extended urbanisation, and the risks posed by infectious diseases that could give rise to new epidemics or pandemics. State of knowledge Health risks occurring at the local level of an urban area react to, and simultaneously affect, health situation occurring at an indefinite distance from the original site of the event. An important impact on the situation are the expanding or newly emerging urban areas, which cause negative changes in social conditions, and the increase in spatial mobility of the global population, which facilitates the spread of infectious diseases. Summary Understanding 21st century urban trends is the key to improving collective health. Adopting a "public health perspective" regarding values and attitudes towards social phenomena and reality, as well as the necessary methods of conduct, seems to be one of the main challenges of the current era in which people around the world, regardless of the country's development status and level of resources, currently live in within one “ecosystem of infectious diseases”. Planned and controlled urbanization, taking into account the achievements of modern epidemiology, including molecular epidemiology, will help will help along the remediation of the cities of the future.

Abstract There is a group of people for whom work is an important factor in building their self-esteem. Often, such people include workers from the group of “supportive” professions, which promote behaviours that increase the risk of addiction to work. The factors contributing to this are the constant rush along with the individual tendency for perpetual self-control and meticulous checking of each performed activity. People who are idealistic about their duties, set the bar high, take too much responsibility and at the same time have low self-esteem, fall into the trap of addiction more often. The inability to independently regulate the time of their work means that they are driven by a constant internal compulsion to perform work and to think about it, combined with the accompanying feeling of discomfort in situations when the ability to deal with matters related to work is limited. Burnout can be seen as a compensatory symptom that occurs when recognition and approval are not present in a person's life, and low self-esteem leads to an unrealistic pursuit of excellence, recognition and acceptance. A noticeable tell of burnout is the loss of features that usually characterize a person involved in their activities such as creativity, conscientious fulfilment of obligations, willingness to cooperate with others, communication skills, the ability to deal with stressful events and the ability to make independent decisions. The abovementioned skills are disrupted as a result of a number of mental, physical and behavioural changes associated with the burnout syndrome. Recovering from addiction requires complex therapy, improvement of interpersonal relationships and creation of an appropriate environment for functioning in professional and personal life.