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In this qualitative and inductive paper, we examined population-level learning by addressing the effects of failure events on the nature and mix of routines in a population. We reviewed approximately 50 failures and near-failures in 28 industry histories to assess how they affected other organizations in the industry and practices in the industry as a whole. Findings suggest that three broad ways these events affect practices enacted by other organizations, or population-level patterns of routines: (1) through direct consequences of failure, (2) through reactions to failure by other organizations, and (3) through consequences of reactions to failure. Furthermore, population-level learning from failure can occur in at least two distinguishable forms: (1) In interorganizational population-level learning, many organizations of a population react to the failure of another organization; hence, the change of routines is informed by some shared experience. (2) In collective population-level learning, the learning processes involve collective actions, outcomes, institutions, and/or routines. Our analysis suggests that failure events can be a powerful engine of population-level learning, although this learning is not necessarily or always adaptive. The processes and outcomes of population-level-learning are complex and can lead to results that were not intended and might harm the population. Finally, strategic implications of learning from failure will be discussed.

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Purpose-This paper aims to examine perceived barriers and paths to success for Latin American immigrant professionals in the Canadian job market Design/methodology/approach-Findings are based on 20 semi-structured interviews with Latin American graduates of Canadian MBA programs. Interviews were analyzed for emergent categories and common themes. Findings-Despite their strong educational backgrounds, participants perceived several challenges to their success in the Canadian workplace, specifically, language barriers, lack of networks, cultural differences and discrimination. They also identified factors that influenced their professional success in Canada, such as homophilious networks and their Latin American background Research limitations/implications-By investigating stories of Latin American immigrant professionals, the study explores subjective views of immigration experiences and discrimination in this unique and rarely examined group. A larger sample will increase the confidence of the study's findings and future studies should examine dynamics of these issues over time. Originalitylvalue-This paper presents insight onto the labor market experiences and coping mechanisms of the currently understudied group of Latin American immigrant professionals in Canada. The study's qualitative approach enabled the examination of challenges experienced by immigrant professionals beyond those typically studied in this literature (e.g. devaluation of foreign credentials) and led to the finding that being Latin American can act both as a disadvantage in the form of discrimination and as an advantage as it differentiates immigrant professionals from other job seekers.

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