Arctic charr is the only freshwater fish in most of the High Arctic, with both resident, anadromous, and landlocked populations present. The anadromous Arctic charr is particularly highly sought-after, and has been an important food source for people living in Arctic regions. A recent decline in harvest in many areas has been related to overexploitation by extensive gillnetting. Very few studies, if any, have estimated the gillnet efficiency for harvesting anadromous Arctic charr. In this study, all anadromous Arctic charr ascending the lake, Linnévatn, in western Spitsbergen, Svalbard, were marked over a period of 5 weeks, in July-August 2008. Recaptures in the lake were obtained by gillnetting with three mesh sizes (39, 45, and 52 mm measured knot-to-knot) during three periods. The total number of anadromous charr in the lake was estimated by both Schnabel and Petersen mark-recapture methods. The catchability increased significantly with fish size. Anadromous charr in the length-class 40.0-56.9 cm captured by the legal mesh size in Svalbard lakes (52 mm) had a mean catchability of 0.0023 per gillnet per 2 h fishing effort, and the catch quota which is set at 40 charr for Linnévatn by the Governor of Svalbard, would have been filled by less than five gillnets, each used for 6 h. Although this short fishing time may give an overestimation of catchability due to the avoidance of gear saturation, the high catchability values still indicate that anadromous Arctic charr populations may be extremely vulnerable to gillnetting. Hence, in addition to catch quotas set for each population, a restriction on the number of gillnets allowed per harvester should also be considered.