Res. 2003;11:699-708. Objective: Accumulation of visceral fat is recognized as a predictor of obesity-related metabolic disturbances. Factors that are predominantly expressed in this depot could mediate the link between visceral obesity and associated diseases. Research Methods and Procedures: Paired subcutaneous and omental adipose tissue biopsies were obtained from 10 obese men. Gene expression was analyzed by DNA microarrays in triplicate and by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Serum C3 and C4 were analyzed by radial immunodiffusion assays in 91 subjects representing a cross section of the general population. Body composition was measured by computerized tomography. Results: Complement components C2, C3, C4, C7, and Factor B had higher expression in omental compared with subcutaneous adipose tissue (ϳ2-, 4-, 17-, 10-, and 7-fold, respectively). In addition, adipsin, which belongs to the alternative pathway, and the classical pathway components C1QB, C1R, and C1S were expressed in both depots. Analysis of tissue distribution showed high expression of C2, C3, and C4 in omental adipose tissue, and only liver had higher expression of these genes. Serum C3 levels correlated with both visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue in both men (r ϭ 0.65 and p Ͻ 0.001 and r ϭ 0.52 and p Ͻ 0.001, respectively) and women (r ϭ 0.34 and p ϭ 0.023 and r ϭ 0.49 and p Ͻ 0.001, respectively), whereas C4 levels correlated with only visceral fat in men (r ϭ 0.36, p ϭ 0.015) and with both depots in women (visceral: r ϭ 0.58, p Ͻ 0.001; and subcutaneous: r ϭ 0.51, p Ͻ 0.001). Discussion: Recent studies show that the metabolic syndrome is associated with chronically elevated levels of several immune markers, some of which may have metabolic effects. The high expression of complement genes in intra-abdominal adipose tissue might suggest that the complement system is involved in the development of visceral adiposity and/or contributes to the metabolic complications associated with increased visceral fat mass.

Background: Little is known about eating behaviour and meal pattern subsequent to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), knowledge important for the nutritional care process. The objective of the study was to obtain basic information of how meal size, eating rate, meal frequency and eating behaviour change upon the RYGB surgery. Materials and methods: Voluntary chosen meal size and eating rate were measured in a longitudinal, within subject, cohort study of 43 patients, 31 women and 12 men, age 42.6 (s.d. 9.7) years, body mass index (BMI) 44.5 (4.9) kg m À2 . Thirty-one non-obese subjects, 37.8 (13.6) years, BMI 23.7 (2.7) kg m À2 served as a reference group. All subjects completed a meal pattern questionnaire and the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-R21). Results: Six weeks postoperatively meal size was 42% of the preoperative meal size, (Po0.001). After 1 and 2 years, meal size increased but was still lower than preoperative size 57% (Po0.001) and 66% (Po0.001), respectively. Mean meal duration was constant before and after surgery. Mean eating rate measured as amount consumed food per minute was 45% of preoperative eating rate 6 weeks postoperatively (Po0.001). After 1 and 2 years, eating rate increased to 65% (Po0.001) and 72% (Po0.001), respectively, of preoperative rate. Number of meals per day increased from 4.9 (95% confidence interval, 4.4,5.4) preoperatively to 6 weeks: 5.2 (4.9,5.6), (not significant), 1 year 5.8 (5.5,6.1), (P ¼ 0.003), and 2 years 5.4 (5.1,5.7), (not significant). Emotional and uncontrolled eating were significantly decreased postoperatively, (both Po0.001 at all-time points), while cognitive restraint was only transiently increased 6 weeks postoperatively (P ¼ 0.011). Conclusions: Subsequent to RYGB, patients display markedly changed eating behaviour and meal patterns, which may lead to sustained weight loss.

05-10-2010.

Background: Fish and meat intake may affect gestational weight gain, body composition and serum fatty acids. We aimed to determine whether a longitudinal dietary intervention during pregnancy could increase fish intake, affect serum phospholipid fatty acids, gestational weight gain and body composition changes during pregnancy in women of normal weight participating in the Pregnancy Obesity Nutrition and Child Health study. A second aim was to study possible effects in early pregnancy of fish intake and meat intake, respectively, on serum phospholipid fatty acids, gestational weight gain, and body composition changes during pregnancy. Methods: In this prospective, randomized controlled study, women were allocated to a control group or to a dietary counseling group that focused on increasing fish intake. Fat mass and fat-free mass were measured by air-displacement plethysmography. Reported intake of fish and meat was collected from a baseline population and from a subgroup of women who participated in each trimester of their pregnancies. Serum levels of phospholipid arachidonic acid (s-ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (s-EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (s-DHA) were measured during each trimester.

BackgroundGreater interest is being shown in participatory approaches, especially in research on interventions that concern children and young people’s health and well-being. Although participatory approaches have user involvement in common, they differ in terms of the explicit guidance on how to actually involve and engage children and young people in health research. The aim of this scoping review was to systematically map recent research involving children and young people in the development of interventions targeting issues of health and well-being.MethodsAn interpretative scoping literature review based on: a scientific literature search in (health and social science) databases, reference lists, a manual search in key journals and contact with existing networks was conducted. A total of 4458 references were identified through the literature search, of which 41 studies published between 2000 and 2017 were included in the review. The target population was children and young people under 25 years old. Level of participation was categorized according to Shier’s Pathways to Participation Model.ResultsThe review showed that participatory approaches were most often used in the development of interventions in school settings and in community and healthcare settings and on issues concerning support in lifestyle or in managing illness or disease. The level of participation varied from children and young people taking part just as active informants, through stages of greater participation both in quantitative and qualitative terms, to children and young people becoming an active agent involved as a co-researcher where the research process was shaped by views of a higher level of mutuality. Most of the studies were categorised at a medium level and only three studies were judged to involve the children and young people at the highest level.ConclusionsThis scoping review showed that work remains in enabling children and young people to influence the development of interventions targeting health and well-being. In relation to level of sustainability in the interventions, it is relevant that goals, strategies and processes are formulated by those who can gain from the interventions. Participatory approaches aiming for a higher level of participation where children and young people work together with the researchers in partnerships are thus warranted.