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One of the most widely used approaches for assessing environmental effects of large-scale projects is Environmental Assessment (EA). Recently, there has been a focus on including broader health impacts as part of the EA process. One of the tools available to achieve this is Health Impact Assessment (HIA). In order to address the issue of developing a consistent and transparent method for HIA, an assessment framework was developed with the intention of:(1) ensuring that the framework can be used as a stand-alone process and when integrated with EA; (2) applying language to closely align with EA processes; and, (3) devising a system for evaluating overall impact when a multitude of determinants are considered. The Assessment Framework is presented along with a decision matrix to help to determine potential significance of health outcomes. It also provides a process for characterization of effects and identifies whether outcomes are significant. By using an HIA Framework, a well-known yet underutilized tool can effectively address health issues within the EA process, both in a Canadian context and internationally.

ecology, ethics, mitigation, natural disaster,

Natural disasters are complex phenomena, the causes of which lie to a large extent in human behavior that creates vulnerable communities. In order to reduce vulnerability and thereby mitigate the risk of disasters, it is important to consider underlying values, particularly with respect to how people view and interact with the natural world. Advancing an interdisciplinary, ecological paradigm, this paper argues that disaster mitigation needs to be addressed through a process that results in a greater emphasis on our interactions with and reliance upon the natural world, and the development of community resilience.