Background:The study of dental morphological characteristics is useful for providing information for phylogenic, anthropological, forensic and genetic studies as well as understanding variations within and among species. Aim:The aim of the study was to investigate, compare and document the distinctive dental characteristics including (occlusal outlines, number of cusps, groove pattern and presence of T.Carabelli) of permanent maxillary molars in a sample of Egyptian population, this was performed morphologically through study casts inspection.Materials and Methods: 50 upper study casts models of patients aged above 21 years from the Orthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry at Ain Shams University with all maxillary molars teeth present were collected. The maxillary molars on the casts were examined regarding their occlusal morphology (occlusal outlines, number of cusps, groove pattern and presence of T.Carabelli). The collected data were statistically analyzed.Results: Regarding cusp number and groove pattern of maxillary molars, M1 showed prevalence of 4H groove pattern while 3 cusps and U groove pattern was the most common pattern for M2 & M3. Regarding the frequency of molar tubercle (tubercle of carabelli), M1 showed prevalence of type I molar tubercle(depression), while the absence of the molar tubercle was the most common pattern for M2 & M3. Occlusal outline of M1 showed prevalence of the rhomboidal outline while M2 & M3 showed prevalence of heart shaped outline. Statistical results showed significant difference between the maxillary molars.Conclusions: Maxillary first molar (M1) showed mostly 4 cusps and H groove pattern. Maxillary second molar (M2) and Maxillary third molar (M3) showed prevalence 3 cusps and U groove pattern. Type I molar tubercle (depression) was dominating in M1, while for M2 &M3 the absence of the molar tubercle was the common pattern. The rhomboidal outline was dominating in M1 while the heart shaped was dominating in M2 & M3.The morphological characteristics of teeth in a sample of Egyptian population were consistent with those of other studies performed on different populations using similar methodology.