This paper seeks to identify bottlenecks in the energy grid supply regarding different market penetration of battery electric vehicles in Stuttgart, Germany. First, medium-term forecasts of electric and hybrid vehicles and the corresponding charging infrastructure are issued from 2017 to 2030, resulting in a share of 27% electric vehicles by 2030 in the Stuttgart region. Next, interactions between electric vehicles and the local energy system in Stuttgart were examined, comparing different development scenarios in the mobility sector. Further, a travel demand model was used to generate charging profiles of electric vehicles under consideration of mobility patterns. The charging demand was combined with standard household load profiles and a load flow analysis of the peak hour was carried out for a quarter comprising 349 households. The simulation shows that a higher charging capacity can lead to a lower transformer utilization, as charging and household peak load may fall temporally apart. Finally, it was examined whether the existing infrastructure is suitable to meet future demand focusing on the transformer reserve capacity. Overall, the need for action is limited; only 10% of the approximately 560 sub-grids were identified as potential weak points.

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Objective: Defi nition and systematisation of loads occurring during operation of interchangeable wagon bodies for development of corresponding regulatory requirements for designing and testing interchangeable bodies. Methods: Loads and methods of their application are determined as a result of comparison of design and application area of interchangeable bodies with cargo (maritime) containers and demountable bodies. Results: The authors identifi ed a lack of regulatory framework for standardisation of requirements for bearing capacity of interchangeable bodies, for loads that occur in the railway sphere of application, including storage, handling and stockpiling, as well as testing methods for these bodies. The difference between interchangeable and demountable bodies is defi ned as lack of need for transportation of interchangeable bodies by waterborne transport. In the process of consideration of specifi c features of operating interchangeable bodies in the railway sphere of application, including storage, handling and stockpiling, design and operational similarity of interchangeable bodies with cargo (maritime) containers and demountable bodies was established. Loads applied to interchangeable bodies were defi ned and systemised. Practical importance: The need for development of a regulatory framework for standardisation of requirements for bearing capacity of interchangeable bodies and for loads that occur during handling and stockpiling operations. The authors recommend that the loads discussed in the paper be taken into account in development of technical standard documents, in conducting research and development work and in testing interchangeable bodies