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BackgroundThe Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has created a substantial socioeconomic impact, particularly in developing countries such as Indonesia.Purpose(s)/objective(s)This study aimed to describe the COVID-19-related out-of-pocket spending of Indonesian citizens and the proportion of whom experienced catastrophic health spending during the COVID-19 pandemic using the patient's perspective.MethodologyWe conducted a rapid cross-sectional online survey across provinces in Indonesia to capture participants' experiences due to COVID-19. Data were collected between September 23rd to October 7th of 2021 including demographics, income, and expenditures. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the respondents' characteristics. Patients's perspective of total cost was estimated from out-of-pocket of COVID-19 direct costs and compared them to total expenditure. If the proportion of COVID-19 total costs exceeded 40% of the total expenditure, the respondents were deemed to have faced catastrophic costs.ResultsA total of 1,859 respondents answered the questionnaire. The average monthly income and expenditure of respondents were 800 USD, and 667 USD respectively. The monthly expenditure was categorized into food expenditure (367 USD) and non-food expenditure (320 USD). The average of COVID-19-related monthly expenditure was 226 USD, including diagnostic expenditure (36 USD), preventive expenditure (58 USD), medical expenditure (37 USD for COVID-19 treatment; and 57 USD for post-COVID-19 medical expenses), and non-medical expenditure (30 USD). Analysis showed that 18.6% of all respondents experienced catastrophic costs while 38.6% of the respondents who had COVID-19 treatment experienced catastrophic costs.ConclusionThe high proportion of catastrophic costs among respondents suggests the need for COVID-19 social protection, especially for COVID-19 diagnostic and prevention costs. The survey findings have led the government to increase the benefit coverage other than medical costs at the hospitals.

IntroductionPublic information and regulations related to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been widely published and continuously changed. The Indonesian government has responded to the emerging evidence by regularly updating its unprecedented and preventive measures against the transmission of COVID-19 to the public. It is important to understand how the public responded to these updates. This study aimed to investigate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of Indonesians toward COVID-19 after the emergence of the delta variant wave.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among the adult population of non-healthcare workers in Indonesia through an online questionnaire using the SurveyMonkey platform. A total of 1,859 respondents completed this survey from September to October 2021. The knowledge, attitudes, and practices data were analyzed descriptively to find their frequency and percentage. A multivariate analysis was conducted to confirm the factors affecting the respondents' knowledge, attitudes, and practices with a p-value of <0.05 set as significant.ResultsBeing female, having a higher education level, and having a higher frequency of access to COVID-19 news showed significant impacts on knowledge, attitudes, and practices (p<0.001). Older age stratification influenced the knowledge level (p<0.05) but had no significant effect on people's attitudes and practices toward COVID-19. Respondents' perceived probability of being exposed to COVID-19 (p < 0.05) and their COVID-19 infection frequency (p < 0.001) significantly influenced their knowledge. Household income and respondents' knowledge significantly affected their attitudes toward COVID-19. Furthermore, only their attitudes had a significant impact on the respondents' practices. Perceived severity, perceived susceptibility, and vaccination status did not significantly influence their knowledge, attitudes, and practices (p > 0.05).ConclusionAfter more than a year of the COVID-19 pandemic, Indonesians maintain their high level of knowledge, attitudes, and practices. COVID-19 disinformation must be combatted by strengthening authorized media, empowering communities, and improving governance among institutions during and post-pandemic.

ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Terjadinya lonjakan pasien COVID-19 berakibat pada kelebihan beban Rumah Sakit dan kekurangan logistik medis, banyak institusi baik dari sektor publik maupun swasta bekerja secara cepat mengembangkan infrastruktur teknologi informasi pendukung baik dalam bentuk laman web, aplikasi, ataupun perangkat-perangkat teknologi digital lainnya. Namun upaya-upaya tersebut seringkali tidak terkoordinasi baik antara lembaga kepemerintahan, upaya sektor publik dan sektor swasta/masyarakat. Hal ini mengakibatkan terjadinya asimetri dan fragmentasi informasi di mana informasi berada pada lokus-lokus eksklusif dan hanya digunakan oleh institusi atau komunitas tertentu. Untuk mewujudkan sinergi tersebut dibutuhkan adanya pemetaan keberadaan dan kebutuhan teknologi digital. Tujuan: melakukan pemetaan lanskap inisiatif teknologi informasi pendukung COVID-19 di DKI Jakarta dan DI Yogyakarta dan mengidentifikasi gap yang belum terjembatani antara usaha yang dilakukan pemerintah dan sektor swasta untuk membantu persiapan surge capacity rumah sakitMetode Penelitian: Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan model analisis dokumentasi. Dalam penelitian ini dokumen yang diselidiki adalah dokumentasi-dokumentasi yang tersedia dalam website atau aplikasi inovasi teknologi digital, kebijakan, himbauan, berita, dan lain sebagainya baik dalam bentuk tertulis maupun audio/visual. Hasil: Terdapat 26 aplikasi dan 7 website terkait COVID-19 di Indonesia. Aplikasi dan/atau website yang dipetakan menjadi dua kategori, yaitu publik dan non-publik. Kategori publik merupakan aplikasi dan/atau website yang dapat digunakan oleh masyarakat umum dan tidak memerlukan akses khusus. Sedangkan kategori non publik adalah untuk aplikasi dan/atau website yang hanya bisa digunakan oleh pihak-pihak tertentu saja dan memerlukan akses khusus, keberadaan informasi dari kategori non publik ini bersifat rahasia. Terdapat 32 temuan aplikasi/website untuk kategori publik dan 4 temuan untuk kategori non-publik.Kesimpulan: Pemerintah Daerah DIY (bersama dengan para penggiat TI di DIY) telah membuat berbagai teknologi informasi dalam menangani pandemi COVID-19 (khusus untuk DIY) masih terdapat beberapa tantangan yaitu berkaitan dengan contact tracing, data sharing yang dapat dimanfaatkan oleh pihak lain yang menjadi teknologi yang paling dibutuhkan saat ini. misal para stakeholder, akademisi (peneliti), masyarakat, dan perlunya regulasi dari pemerintah pusat/daerah terkait pengelolaan teknologi informasi agar data dapat dimanfaatkan oleh berbagai pihak terkait untuk membantu mengatasi pandemi COVID-19.Kata Kunci: e-Health, Pemetaan Teknologi Digital, Covid-19

The limited availability of health resources in the high public demand requires the health programs and service providers, especially in Public Health Center (Puskesmas) to make efficiency. This study aims to provide information about the level of technical efficiency of Puskesmas in Indonesia in organizing the Maternal and Child Health (MCH) program. This study also tries to investigate several factors that contribute to the level of Puskesmas efficiency in organizing MCH programs. This study was quantitative research with cross-sectional approach. This study used secondary data derived from Health Financing Research (Health Financing Research: RPK) in 2015 for Puskesmas level. The data analyzed by the non-parametric technique using DEAP software version 2.1 to obtain technical efficiency score of each Puskesmas. After getting the technical efficiency score, the researchers conducted multivariate analysis using Tobit Regression, with the dependent variable was technical efficiency score of MCH program and predictors were the category of public health development index, fiscal capacity index, financial management authority status (BLUD status), geographical status, and region category. The technical efficiency of the MCH program at Puskesmas level was 0.81 ±0.12. The efficiency scores were affected by geographic areas-where urban Puskesmas were more efficient than rural and remote areas-and regional fiscal capacity-where Puskesmas in areas with high fiscal capacity were more efficient than Puskesmas in areas with medium and low fiscal capacity. Areas with geographic limitations require more considerable health resources to obtain the same output than areas with more comfortable geographic conditions.