Flexibility of manufacturing systems is an essential factor in maintaining the competitiveness of industrial production. Flexibility can be defined in several ways and according to several factors, but in order to obtain adequate results in implementing a flexible manufacturing system able to compete on the market, a high level of autonomy (free of human intervention) of the manufacturing system must be achieved. There are many factors that can disturb the production process and reduce the autonomy of the system, because of the need of human intervention to overcome these disturbances. One of these factors is tool wear. The aim of this paper is to present an experimental study on the possibility to determine the state of tool wear in a flexible manufacturing cell environment, using image acquisition and processing methods.
Abstract. There are several human activities where the awareness and conscious control is a very important factor: vehicle driving, heavy equipment operation, hazardous materials manipulation. In these cases drowsiness can be the cause of injury or even death. For example car driver drowsiness is one of the causes of serious traffic accidents, which makes this an area of a significant importance. Continuous monitoring of driver's or operator's drowsiness is of great importance if we want to reduce accidents due to operator's fault. If drowsiness is detected in time, a significant part of these accidents could be successfully prevented. In the last years various methods were tested, based on the use of: heart rate variability, video monitoring of the eyes, EEG, EMG and ECG signals.Our research is based on the study of EEG and EMG signals and aims to develop algorithms capable to detect features specific to the drowsiness state and decide the moment in which the driver or operator should be alerted.
ABSTRACT:The paper presents the results of numerical analysis on the effects of thermal bridges at wood frame buildings with or without thermal insulation placed on the exterior surface of the wall. The heat flow crossing the wooden thermal bridges, respectively the linear heat transfer coefficients ψ and the temperature factors f Rsi , can be established based on the plane temperature field in stationary thermal regime. The "PSIPLAN" computer program used to determine the temperature field, derived from the original program "CIMPLAN" with its first version developed in 1980. The program allows graphic description of the plane section of a thermal bridge and discretizes automatically the section on both axes in accordance with the stipulations of the EN ISO 10211-1:1995 standard and EN ISO 10211:2007 standard. The computer program generates automatically the system of equations that is solved using iterative methods until the heat flows on the two surfaces of the section are balanced. The calculation results are presented with numerical values and in a graphical manner by isothermal surfaces. The program has various libraries that include several types of wood thermal bridges.
The very strict regulations imposed by the European directives regarding low energy consumptions of buildings imposes the availability of thermal and energy efficient solutions for the building envelope. One common solution is given by insulated metal penal systems, which are typically used for industrial buildings but lately also used for other types of buildings (e.g. residential buildings, hotels, hospitals). These types of solutions must be properly addressed from the thermal modelling and simulation point of view considering a different thermal behaviour due to its detail components. For insulated metal penal systems the typical calculations are done by considering only the current field area without the impact of the thermal bridges. This means that the value used in calculations is just a 1D, and not a 2D or a 3D simulation which are closer to the real heat transfer phenomena for this types of constructive details. Thus, the paper addresses a study regarding the manner by which metallic building components can be thermally evaluated and optimized in order to improve their thermal performance and reach the imposed thermal transmittances-U values imposed for the market of high performant energy efficient buildings. The paper brings a complex approach in evaluating the thermal performance of insulated metal penal systems.
In order to reach nearly Zero Energy Buildings, a thorough design must be given in designing proper junctions, which will overall reduce the impact of the thermal bridges on the thermal performance of the building envelope. It is well-known that a thermal bridge is a weak thermal area of the building envelope through which increased heat losses occur. For the thermal bridges' evaluation, several numerical simulation software exist on the market, but their usage implies knowledge regarding the numerical modelling and simulation using various numerical methods (i.e. finite element method, finite difference methods, and others). Due to time constraint, designers use thermal bridges atlases that provide values for the linear heat transfer coefficient for several types of thermal bridges. Nevertheless, the multitude of existing thermal bridges requires more and more atlases which are not feasible in elaborating, due to time constraints. In order to respond to this demand, the authors developed a software for the modelling and simulation of thermal bridges that can be easily accessed by practitioners. The paper presents the software its components and the way that the user can interact with it.
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