Multiple anti-VEGF injections are not associated with an increased risk of sustained IOP-elevation. On the other hand, individual risk factors exist and predispose to IOP-elevation (e.g., pre-existing glaucoma).

Therapy of neovascular age-related macular degeneration, diabetic maculopathy and macular edema after retinal vein occlusion has changed fundamentally since the introduction of anti-VEGF therapy more than 10 years ago. With the technological progress in ocular coherence tomography (OCT) functional criteria have been replaced by more morphological criteria. Contract law and administrative problems have been improved but not solved totally. In a retrospective study, 207 eyes of 157 patients who presented between January 2007 and October 2013 with neovascular age-related macular degeneration, diabetic maculopathy or macular edema after retinal vein occlusion were analyzed. Baseline visual acuity (VA) was 0.25 (median). After initial anti-VEGF upload, there was a significant increase in VA from 0.25 to 0.32 (p < 0.001). Patients with bad VA profited most (p = 0.004). Patients with more intravitreal injections had a larger increase in VA (p = 0.002). In the mainly VA-controlled group of the first years, VA decreased to 0.05 after one year and 3.49 intravitreal injections in the mean. In the OCT-controlled group of the later years, the initial increase in VA could be held after one year and 5.03 intravitreal anti-VEGF applications in the mean. There was a significant difference in the course of VA between the two groups (p = 0.001). Mean interval between indication and start of therapy was 25.34 days in the early years, and 5.40 days in the later years. Mainly VA-based criteria in the anti-VEGF therapy of the early years seem to be inferior to morphological criteria of the later years. Contract law and administrative problems have delayed the time between indication and start of therapy and, thereby, contributed to undersupply and worsening functional results.

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An energy-based aerodynamic analysis of the mechanical loss generation and potential energy/exergy recovery mechanisms is carried out for adiabatic and heated 2D axisymmetric flows over fuselage-shaped axisymmetric bodies. A generality of these mechanisms is obtained from dimensional analysis by appropriately scaling the freestream Reynolds and Mach numbers, while varying a reference fuselage’s fineness ratio. Thermo-aerodynamic implications and synergies of boundary-layer heating on the loss distribution, energy, and heat exergy recovery potentials are further considered for varying wall temperature ratios. The result is a clear identification of partial dynamic similarity and heat transfer effects on flow mechanisms such as shear layers, separation bubbles, and shockwaves of axisymmetric flows, and subsequent implications on loss distribution and energy recovery characteristics relating to boundary-layer ingestion. The analysis indicates that dissipating heat from aircraft surfaces aids, circumstantially, to drag reduction of unpowered fuselage bodies and increases, relative to the adiabatic, the recoverable energy fraction available for the boundary-layer ingestion propulsor, by strategically manipulating the loss distribution, while removing excess heat from the aircraft’s subsystem (batteries, fuel cells). Finally, an approach to assess the feasibility of exergetic heat recuperation as a possible means of useful work extraction and improved aerodynamic performance is explicitly introduced and discussed in the paper.