değer üzerine etkilerini açıklama amacındadır. Yöntem: Kullanılan veri setinin içsellik probleminden hareketle eş anlı bir denklem sisteminde İki Aşamalı En Küçük Kareler (2AEKK) kullanılarak araç değişken tahminlemesi yapılmıştır. Bulgular: Bu çalışmada, Türkiye'nin 1994-2019 yılları arasındaki verileri kullanılarak, Ar-Ge türleri kamu ve özel sektör finansmanı altında sınıflandırılmıştır. Özel sektörün Ar-Ge'ye kamuya göre daha fazla harcama yaptığı, ancak söz konusu harcamaların kamu sektörüne göre etkili sonuçlar vermediği sonucuna varılmıştır. Ayrıca özel sektör tarafından finanse edilen Temel ve Uygulamalı Araştırmanın hem kamu sektörü hem de diğer Ar-Ge türlerine göre en yüksek katma değeri yarattığı bu çalışmanın en önemli bulgularından biridir. Özgünlük: Kamu ve özel sektör tarafından finanse edilen Ar-Ge türlerinin katma değer üzerindeki etkisi, gelişmekte olan ülkeler için araştırılması gereken önemli bir konudur. Bu çalışma, Türkiye gibi gelişmekte olan bir ülkenin verilerine dayanan ilk çalışmadır.

PurposeThis study aims to explain the effect of research and development (R&D) incentives on economic growth, focusing on the case of Türkiye. A one-sector endogenous growth model has been constructed. The model includes three actors: firm, consumer and government. The consumer derives utility from consumption, supplies human capital and engages in saving. The representative firm invests in R&D to maximize the current value of profit flows by choosing how much input it will use and how much R&D it will undertake. The public sector provides incentives for labor and capital used in R&D production. R&D has been defined as a function that endogenously increases total factor productivity (TFP).Design/methodology/approachIn line with the stated purpose, this study presents a dynamic general equilibrium model. Then, this study calibrates the model parameters with Türkiye's data.FindingsThe results imply that incentives for R&D personnel instead of physical capital have a stronger impact on economic growth.Practical implicationsThe findings of this study point to an important conclusion on how to distribute R&D incentives across the two main factors in R&D production, labor and capital. Incentives given to R&D personnel are more effective in Türkiye.Originality/valueThis study shows that the R&D incentives provided by the public sector can be important in emerging countries where many firms have just started their R&D activities. In this study, the authors worked on Türkiye as an emerging country. This study discusses policies on how the R&D incentives will be more effective on economic growth in Türkiye. This study considers that these policies may apply to all emerging countries, due to similar R&D activities in countries that cannot export technology and mostly import technology.

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This study investigates the effect of the changes in the demographic structure of countries with different income levels on human capital. The world population is getting increasingly older. So, what are the consequences of population aging increasing further? To answer this question, the author constructed the econometric equation as a polynomial equation. The result of the study is that population aging is a highly important issue in terms of the economy due to its causes and effects. While population aging creates disadvantageous in underdeveloped or developing countries, it creates an advantage in terms of human capital stock in developed economies. The effect of the increase in population aging on human capital is U-shaped in low-income countries and inverted U-shaped in middle and high-income countries.