A novel sulfonated alkyl ester (SAE) was developed. The sulfonated alkyl ester has unique chemical structures that aimed to combine the advantages of ester-based and sulfonate-based surfactant in one compound. This surfactant was studied for its performance to reduce interfacial tensions in a wide range of salinity with monovalent and divalent ions and in a light and heavy oil samples. The study showed that the sulfonated alkyl ester surfactant gives a good performance in a light oil sample in a high monovalent ion concentration and also give a good performance in a heavy oil sample in both low and high concentration of monovalent and divalent ions solution.

Batteries are being developed to solve the global energy crisis. Using portable electronic devices, especially mobile phones and notebook computers, has been increasing, and leading to a strong need of their power-sources. However, secondary batteries using a liquid electrolyte have weaknesses, such as prone to leakage and difficulty of packing. Solid polymer electrolyte is a solution to the existing problems. The objective of this research is to prepare an environmental-friendly and cheap material as the solid polymer electrolyte. In the present study, the effect of succinyl group on to polymer electrolyte membrane which synthesized from chitosan and lithium perchlorate salts was investigated. The N-succinyl chitosan was obtained by reacting chitosan with succinic anhydride. Solid polymer electrolyte membranes were derived from N-succinyl chitosan with different ratios of lithium perchlorate. The degree of deacetylation of chitosan was determined by FTIR analysis. Synthesis of N-succinyl chitosan has been successfully carried out, which is indicated by the characteristic peaks at wavenumbers of 1640 cm-1 and 1560 cm-1 correspond to -C=O stretching and -NH bending of succinyl groups on FTIR spectrum of N-succinyl chitosan. Modification of chitosan by the addition of succinyl group increases the membrane ionic conductivity values. A N-succinyl chitosan membrane contained 10% (w/w) lithium perchlorate showed conductivity of 8.01×10-3 S.cm-1. This solid polymer electrolyte membrane was suggested to have one potential used for polymer electrolyte in lithium battery applications.

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Tanjung Field is a brown field which pressure has already depleted and been supported by waterflooding for over a decade. To improve production, surfactant injection, is being studied to be employed in the field. The main objective of this study is to identify parameters that affect oil production increase. History match of the pilot test was carried out to improve the reliability of the reservoir model, hence improving the prediction result of surfactant injection forecast. History match of the pilot test has been carried out using CMG STARS commercial simulator by considering mechanism inferred from laboratory evaluation such as wettability alteration, surfactant retention, interfacial tension reduction and improvement of mobility control due to lower oil-surfactant emulsion viscosity. These parameters are initially perceived from laboratory result, upscaling and adjustment is applied to field model to further on do sensitivity study. Sensitivity analysis of every parameter is provided to better understand the effect of each mechanism that contributes to the oil incremental result. Stratigraphically, Tanjung Structure has 7 productive zones: Zone A, B, C, D, E, F and P. Reservoir Zone A has total estimated reserve of 193,732 MMSTB, with recovery factor of 16.3%. The zone consists of conglomerate sandstones with porosity of 21% and permeability ranging from 10 to 100 mD. The field produces light oil within 40 °API, 30% wax content and 1.14 cP of viscosity. T-119 is the well chosen to be injected due to its structural position that ease flow by gravity force to producer wells. Forecast simulation based on coreflood result has been conducted for pilot test. However, the result was very pessimistic in predicting incremental oil gain and breakthrough time after compared to pilot result. An attempt to history match the surfactant flood pilot is presented by considering phenomena that is not included in the forecast based on additional lab and field data.

Summary The needs of secondary batteries are increasing every year. Secondary batteries using a liquid electrolyte have weaknesses, such as prone to leakage and difficulty in its packing. A solid polymer electrolyte is one solution to resolve this problem. This study was conducted to determine the effect of succinyl group and lithium perchlorate on chitosan membranes as the polymer electrolyte. The succinyl chitosan was obtained by reacting chitosan with succinic anhydride in various compositions. Polymer electrolyte membranes were derived from succinyl chitosan with different ratios of lithium perchlorate. The deacetylation degree of chitosan was determined by 1H‐NMR spectrum is 80.26%. Synthesis of succinyl chitosan has been successfully carried out, which is indicated by the characteristic peaks of 1H‐NMR spectrum at chemical shift value of 2.7 ppm – 2.9 that correspond to the signal proton from methilen of succinyl groups of the succinyl chitosan. The substitution degree of N‐succinyl chitosan that was determined by NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) was 13.75% for Chi‐SC 1:1 and 70.84% for Chi‐SC 1:3. The presence of succinyl groups on chitosan can increase ionic conductivity values of the membrane, but the tensile strength of membrane decreases. The N‐Succinyl chitosan membrane with degree substitution of 70.84% and lithium perchlorate ratio of 5% (w/w) showed the ionic conductivity of 8.04 × 10−2 S.cm−1. Therefore, the membrane of succinyl chitosan‐lithium with 5% (w/w) lithium perchlorate could be potentially used as a polymer electrolyte for lithium‐ion battery applications.