Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) consist of several sensor nodes deployed underwater and gathering information from the underwater situation. Sometimes during a communication void regions occur when a forwarder node is unable to find the next forwarder node closer to the sink within the transmission ranges which results from its took extra energy consumption. In this research work, we intend schemes for void hole avoidance. First one is, Avoiding Void Hole Adaptive Hop by Hop Vector‐Based Forwarding (AVH‐AHH‐VBF) in an UWSN, and the second, scheme for increasing lifetime and minimizing consumption of energy of the network, Sink Mobility (SM‐AHH‐VBF). Simulation results show that our schemes outperform compared with baseline solution in terms of average Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Average Propagation Distance (APD), energy consumption. The simulation results verify the AVH‐AHH‐VBF scheme results is equals to 14% and SM/AHH‐VBF equal to 32% in terms of PDR, AVH‐AHH‐VBF equals to 57% and SM equals to 39% for energy consumption, AVH‐AHH‐VBF had a tradeoff of 63% because of considering two hops and SM equals 20% tradeoff for the average delay and AVH‐AHH‐VBF equals 35% and SM equals 61% improvement for average APD.

Flying Ad-hoc Network (FANET) is a new class of Mobile Ad-hoc Network in which the nodes move in three-dimensional (3-D) ways in the air simultaneously. These nodes are known as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) that are operated live remotely or by the predefined mechanism which involves no human personnel. Due to the high mobility of nodes and dynamic topology, link stability is a research challenge in FANET. From this viewpoint, recent research has focused on link stability with the highest threshold value by maximizing Packet Delivery Ratio and minimizing End-to-End Delay. In this paper, a hybrid scheme named Delay and Link Stability Aware (DLSA) routing scheme has been proposed with the contrast of Distributed Priority Tree-based Routing and Link Stability Estimationbased Routing FANET's existing routing schemes. Unlike existing schemes, the proposed scheme possesses the features of collaborative data forwarding and link stability. The simulation results have shown the improved performance of the proposed DLSA routing protocol in contrast to the selected existing ones DPTR and LEPR in terms of E2ED, PDR, Network Lifetime, and Transmission Loss. The Average E2ED in milliseconds of DLSA was measured 0.457 while DPTR was 1.492 and LEPR was 1.006. Similarly, the Average PDR in %age of DLSA measured 3.106 while DPTR was 2.303 and LEPR was 0.682. The average Network Lifetime of DLSA measured 62.141 while DPTR was 23.026 and LEPR was 27.298. At finally, the Average Transmission Loss in dBm of DLSA measured 0.975 while DPTR was 1.053 and LEPR was 1.227.

A Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is a group of nodes connected via ad-hoc fashion for communicating with each other through wireless interface. The communication among the nodes in such network take place by using multi-hop in the absence of fixed infrastructure. TCP faces some hurdles and complexities in multi-hop ad-hoc networks particularly congestion and route failures. The incompatibility between the MAC and TCP are previously noticed by the research community. This research study focuses on the impact of MAC layer contention window on TCP in MANET by using variation in network density and velocity of nodes respectively. Simulation has been carried out to quantify and analyze the impact of Contention Window (CW) sizes that affects the performance of TCP by using NS-2 simulator. The impact of CW is investigated on TCP in multi-hop networks by means of performance evaluation parameters i.e. average delay, average packet drops and average throughput.

Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is the most emerging and fast-expanding technology in the last two decades. One of the major issues and challenging areas in MANET is the process of routing due to dynamic topologies and high mobility of mobile nodes. The efficiency and accuracy of a protocol depend on many parameters in these networks. In addition to other parameters node velocity and propagation models are among them. Calculating signal strength at the receiver is the responsibility of a propagation model while the mobility of nodes is responsible for the topology of the network. A huge amount of loss in performance is occurred due to the variation of signal strength at the receiver and obstacles between transmissions. In this paper,it has been analyzed to check the impact of different propagation models on the performance of Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) in Sparse and Dense scenarios in MANET. The simulation has been carried out in NS-2 by using performance metrics as average packet drop average latency and average Throughput. The results predicted that propagation models and mobility have a strong impact on the performance of OLSR in considered scenarios.

In recent years the increase of mobile devices and users of the internet lead to an increase in the burden on the network, low connectivity, and low bandwidth, and less throughput. With lots of advantages in the 5G cellular network, this network suffers from signal interference which causes a huge problem to the network. There are lots of challenges in the cellular network related to energy consumption and one of the main and key issues in 5G is interference management. There is a poor quality of voice during indoor communication so to improve this communication there is interference management that provides us Quality of Service (QoS). In indoor communication, there is low power as compared to outdoor because in outdoor communication there exist many users and due to users, there are low data rate and overhead on the base station. From this viewpoint, modulation schema and coding schemes are used to achieve better channel conditions, a large convergence area, and better QoS. In this paper, a scheme named 5th Generation Intereference Management (5G-IM) with evaluation of Traching Power Control-Gradual Removal (TPC-GR) based on Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) technology for the use of interference management in a 5G network has been proposed. The evaluation of this scheme with relay strategy has also been carried out to avoid interference and to enhance the strength of the propagated signal. The simulation has been revealed the performance of the proposed interference management scheme with relay strategy based on performance evaluation parameters End-to-End Delay, Throughput, Path Loss, and Energy Consumption.