Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM), which has a significant mortality and morbidity percentage, has emerged as a major health hazard. The aim of this study to evaluate the effects of hs-CRP with lipid profile effects on CVS risk in type II diabetic patients. Study design: It was a cross-sectional study conducted in the People’s University of Medical and Health Sciences for Women, Nawabshah, for six month duration from March 2022 to August 2022. Methodology: The total participants were 250 which included 180 diabetic participants and other remaining 70 were non-diabetic participants. These participants were divided into two groups, one group was non-diabetic participants serve as control group and other was diabetic group. The data analyses were done by SPSS 21 version. Results: The mean age of the male and female participant was 50.5±9.9 and 49.48±10.5. There was no significance change in the demographic variables like BMI, weight, systolic pressure and diastolic pressure p>0.005 in diabetic and control group. The participants were 31% and 72% raised CVS risk due to increase of LDL and hsCRP levels. The LDL, TC and TG were statistically significant in the participants having >4 mg/dl of hs-CRP. The HDL and ratio of HDL/LDL level were reduced significantly having >4 hs-CRP mg/dl. Conclusion: According to our observations, patients who are diabetic participants commonly have raised hs-CRP levels along with dyslipidemia. Continuous monitoring of these indicators can sometimes support in reducing the CVS risk among patients. Keywords: lipid profile, dyslipidemia, significant mortality and morbidity.

Objective: To find out short terms safety of Chinese origin Covid-19 vaccines in cardiac patients. To identify frequency of major and minor cardiovascular events in Covid-19 vaccinated cardiac patients. Methodology: It was a cross sectional study conducted in Qazi Hussain Ahmad Medical Complex Nowshera and Kuwait Teaching Hospital Peshawar, Pakistan from February 2021 to April 2021 on a sample of 325 cardiac patients irrespective of their gender. Cardiac patients who received 2 doses of sinopharm vaccine were included in our study. The clinical characteristics of patients included age, gender, comorbids like diabetes and hypertension and those patient s who have undergone any cardiac procedures i-e post CABG and post PCI. The data was analyzed with SPSS version Results: Total 325 known cardiac patients who received 2 doses of sinopharm vaccine were enrolled in the study, among them 198 were male and 127 were female. Participants age range was 56.48±5.9 years and among them mean age of male was 56.59±6.55 years and of female was 57.64±4.27 years. Among the participants 76(23.3%) were hypertensive out of which 44(22.2%) were male. Total number of diabetics were 98(30.15%) among which 59(29.79%) were male. Post CABG patients were 56(17.23%) in number, and among these 34(17.17%) were male. Among them 176(54.15%) were post PCI and among these 102(51.51%) were male. Out of total 325 participants the frequency of major adverse cardiovascular events was 4(1.2%) which include major cardiovascular events , death of any cause, urgent repeat revascularization, MI (not revascularized) an ischemic stroke were 1.2%, 0.91%, 0.31%, 0.92%, 0% respectively. Frequency of minor adverse cardiovascular events in cardiac patients after sinopharm vaccination was 4(1.2%) out of total 325 participants. which include minor cardiovascular events(9.85%), atrial fibrillations(0.92%), complete heart block(0%), increase in angina functional class(2.46%), increase in NYHA functional class(2.53%), and palpitations(3.69%). Conclusion: Chinese origin covid-19 vaccine (sinophorm) is safe in cardiac patients and has minor side effects and rare major side effects in cardiac patients. Keywords: Sinopharm vaccine, Cardiac patients, Corona virus

Background and Aim: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the chronic non-communicable diseases and leading cause of mortality due to various risk factors such as diabetes, tobacco usage, hypertension, obesity, dyslipidemia, and physical inactivity. The incidence of CVDS is rising rapidly due to these risk factors. These risk factors track at different ages starting from childhood to adulthood and their distribution varies with gender. Therefore, the prevalence of these risk factors among high school students need to be determined. The present study aimed to assess the different risk factor’s distribution for cardiovascular diseases. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was carried out among 940 high school students (aged 12-18 years) of Nowshera Pakistan from September, 2020 to December, 2021. Random sampling technique and WHO steps methodology was used for the assessment of various risk factors. All the randomly selected participants were recruited conventionally. Descriptive statistics was used to measure the risk factors distribution among high school students. SPSS version 24 was used for data analysis. Results: The overall mean age of the students was 15.8±1.4 years whereas age varied from 12 years to 18 years. Of the total 940 students, about 59% (n=555) were boys and 41% (n=385) were girls. The prevalence of tobacco, overweight, and hypertension among boys were 33.2%, 12.1%, 7.2%, and 17.6% (P< 0.001) respectively. However, their prevalence among girls were 7.1%, 1.4%, 12.2%, and 23.8% (P<0.001) respectively. The hypercholesterolemia was found higher among boys whereas girls had more prevalent high triglycerides levels compared to boys. Conclusion: The present study found a higher incidence of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases among high school students. These risk factors need to be reduced to control cardiovascular diseases among the young population. Also, this study found a poor profile of various risk factors for cardiovascular disease that require future nation-wide investigation to clarify the precise findings. Keywords: Cardiovascular disease, Risk factors, Hypertension

Objective: Pleural effusion often occurs after CABG. Usually, this effusion is slight and asymptomatic. There is also high symptomatic effusion, but in a small percentage of patients. Pleural effusion after CABG may be associated with significant morbidity and prolonged hospital stay. Early diagnosis and treatment can reduce morbidity of patients and extent of hospital stay. Aim: The aim of the study is to determine the risk factors and the severity of pleural effusion in patients after CABG. Place and Duration: In the Cardiology department of Qazi Hussain Ahmed Medical Complex, Nowshera for six-months duration from July 2020 to December 2020. Material and methods: The study was held among 120 patients after meeting the inclusion criteria and selected for the study. Patients were included in study population before referral for CABG from QHAMC to multicenters of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Their records were closely followed during admissions for CABG and post CABG and also assessed on various follow up visits. The study procedure was described to the patient and informed consent was obtained. Demographics, name, age, gender, surgery details, comorbidities such as COPD, EF and smoking were recorded on the attached form. The patients stayed in the intensive cardiac surgery unit for at least 7 days. The presence and severity of pleural effusion was assessed on the CXR. A chest x-ray was done on daily basis and evaluated by a chest specialist in the morning round. The amount of effusion in CXR was classified as follows: low effusion covering less than half of the chest, high effusion covering more than half of the chest. Possible risk factors for the development of pleural effusion in post-CABG patients have been reported. Results: The majority 99(82.5%) of the 120 subjects who had pleural effusion done with CABG were male. The patients mean age was 55.28 ± 10.47 years. Most patients 93(77.5%) had left pleurotomy. LIMA harvesting was reported in 98(81.7%) of patients. Most patients 100(83.3%) had left sided pleural effusions and 5(4.2%) had right sided and bilateral pleural effusions in 15(12.5%) of cases. A total of 102 patients (85%) had low (less than half of the chest) pleural effusion and large symptomatic pleural effusion in 18(18%) (more than half of the chest). 104 patients (86.7%) required pleural aspiration. Most of the patients 110(91.7%) had decreased serum albumin. Of the patients requiring effusion aspiration, 46 (38.3%) had dyspnea, 18 (15.0%) cough, 34 (28.3%) ABGs abnormalities, and 8 (7.7%) had atelectasis. Preoperative EF was normal in 80 (66.7%) patients, but poor EF was present in 50 (33.3%) patients on the 7th postoperative day. Conclusion: A slight left-sided effusion developed in the majority of patients after CABG. There was also large size of pleural effusion, but occurs in small extent. The effusion mainly causes some respiratory symptoms that require pleural aspiration. LIMA harvesting, pleurotomy and hypoalbuminemia were the main risk factors for pleural effusion in patients after CABG. Keywords: CABG = coronary artery bypass grafting, LIMA = Left internal mammary artery, CXR = chest X-ray, ICU = intensive care unit, COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and EF = ejection fraction.