Based on GDP in 2019, processed from a database available at https://data.aseanstats.org/indicator/AST.STC.TBL.5. The top three countries are Indonesia, Thailand, and the Philippines with 35.4%, 17.2% and 11.9% of the value respectively. 2 There are 86 digital financial companies, 158 fintech lending companies, 51 e-payment companies, six e-signature companies, and 329 e-commerce member companies registered with the Financial Service Authority, the central Bank, the Ministry of Communication and Informatics, and the Indonesian E-commerce Association (idEA) as of August 2020 (OJK, 2020a; OJK, 2020b; BI, 2020; MOCI, 2020a; idEA, 2020). 3 Daily deals are e-commerce companies that offer discount vouchers valid within a certain time period. 4 Directory is a platform providing links related to specific information, for example product prices.

The Covid-19 outbreak has brought concerns on food security around the world, including in Indonesia due to disruptions in production and the supply chain. The global cereal market in 2019/2020 is expected to remain well supplied (FAO, 2020). Similarly, the Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture (2020) has claimed that rice supply will last until August, with expected harvest of 12.4 million tons between March to May. However, Indonesia is experiencing a shortage of other food commodities such as garlic, beef, and sugar, which are particularly important during Ramadan.

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