Eingegangen am 2. Oktober 1962)** S U M M A R Y :The kinetics of the cationic polymerization of 3,3-bis(chloromethyl)oxetane in methylene chloride solution was studied in the temperature range from -60' to +20°C. It was foupd that for low conversions molecular weights are independent of the conversion. The kinetics are first order with respect to monomer, catalyst, and cocatalystfor H,O/BF, ratios < 0.5. For ratios H,O/BF, near 0.5 the rate passes through a maximum and decreases rapidly a t further increase of water concentration. The same effect was previously noted by ROSE in the BF, catalyzed polymerization of trimethylene oxide. The degree of polymerization (DP) is directly proportional to [monomer], inversly proportional to [water] and does not depend on [catalyst]. The activation energies for the overall rate ( E R~) and E r p were calculated for the first time in the polymerization of @-oxides and compared with E R~ known for the ionic polymerizations of a-oxides. The mechanism of reaction is discussed and, assuming steady state conditions a simple relation for the ratio of the rate constants was derived. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG :Die Kinetik der kationischen Polymerisation von 3,3-bis(chloromethyl)oxetan in Methylenchlorid wurde im Temperaturbereich von -60 bis +20°C untersucht. Es wurde gefunden, daB das Molekulargewicht im Bereich kleiner Urnsatze unabhiingig vom Umsatz ist; die Kinetik ist 1. Ordnung in bezug auf Monomeres, Katalysator und Cokatalysator im Bereich der H,O/BF,-Verhaltnisse < 0,5. Fiir ein H,O/BF,-Verhaltnis nahe 0,5 geht die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit durch ein Maximum und nimmt bei hoheren HzO-Konzentrationen schnell ab. Der gleiche Effekt wurde bereits von ROSE in der durch BF, katalysierten Polymerisation von Trimethylenoxyd beobachtet. Der Polymerisationsgrad ist der Monomerkonzeptration direkt und der Wasserkonzentration umgekehrt proportional; er ist unabhangig von der Katalysatorkonzentration. Die Aktivierungsenergien der Bruttoreaktion ( E R~ und E m ) wurden zum ersten Male bei der Polymerisation von P-Oxyden berechnet und mit bekannten ERp-Werten fiir die ionische Polymersation von a-Oxyden verglichen. Der Reaktionsmechanismus wird diskutiert, und unter der Annahme von Stationaritatsbedingungen wird folgende einfache Beziehung fur das Verhaltnis der Geschwindigkeitskonstanten abgeleitet.
SynopsisI n the cationic polymerization of 3,3-bis(chloromethyl)oxetane induced by BTI. 3 the solvent polarity (toluene, methylene chloride, ethylene chloride, nitrobenzene, and nitromethane) does not influence the k,,/k, ratio, where k,, stands for the rate constant of chain transfer to polymer. Increase of the overall polymerization rate is due mainly to the increase of ki. The application of the steady-state conditions in which the slow formation of the active centers is compensated by the unimolecular chain transfer to polymer allowed the determination of k,/k, ratios for several chain-transfer agents of low molecular weight.It was established that the k,,/k, ratio is a linear function of -pK, of the chain-transfer agents.Alcohols and ethers of different basicities were used.
S U M M A R Y :The high temperature (up to 220 "C.) polymerization of 3,3-bis(chloromethyl)oxetane catalyzed by i-Bu,Al was investigated. The conversion-time curves are of the autocatalytic type and the molecular weight increases lineary with conversion up to the point a t which for lower temperatures, e.g. 60-80 "C., the whole polymer becomes insoluble. An alternative explanation of this phenomenon is proposed; the formation of insoluble product is related to the entanglement of macromolecules of very high molecular weight and /or macrocycle formation in the degradative chain transfer to poIymer. The phenomenon of insoluble pioducts formation was never observed a t higher temperatures (> 150 "C.).The dependence of molecular weight on catalyst and impurity concentrations as well as on the polymerization temperature was investigated. It was shown that the high molecular weight product (m = 1000-1500) can be produced at 180-220 'C. even at rather high impurity level. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG:Die Hochtemperaturpolymerisation (bis 220 "C) von 3,3-Bis(chlormethyl)oxetan, katalysiert durch i-Bu,Al, wurde untersucht. Die Zeit-Umsatzkurven sind autokatalytisch, und das Molekulargewicht steigt linear mit dem Umsatz bis zu einem Punkt, wo bei tieferer Temperatur (z. B. 60-80 "C) das ganze Polymere unloslich wird. Eine andere Erkliirungsmoglichkeit dieses Verhaltens wird vorgeschlagen; die Bildung des unloslichen Produkts hangt zusammen mit der Verknauelung von Makromolekulen sehr hohen Molekulargewichts und /oder Makro-Ringbildung bei der abbauenden Ketteniibertragung mit dem Polymeren. Das Phanomen der Bildung unloslicher Polymerer wurde bei hoherer Temperatur (> 150°C) nicht beobachtet. Die Abhangigkeit des Molekulargewichts von der Konzentration an Katalysator oder Verunreinigung sowie von der Temperatur wurde untersucht. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dal3 das hochmolekulare Produkt (Ep = 1000-1500) bei 180-220°C sogar bei ziemlich hohem Anteil an Verunreinigungen erhalten werden kann. *) Revised manuscript, August 16, 1965. 228 Polymerization of 3,3-Bis(chloromethyl)oxetanePolymerization of 3,3-bis(chloromethyl)oxetane catalyzed by aluminum alkyls was the subject of several U.S. patents1). The polymerization in solution and in precipitating media was described by KAMBARA and H A T A N O~) as well as by KROPACHOV, DOLGOPLOSK, and GELLER394).The discovery of new and very effective catalysts based on modified a hminum alkyls is connected with the investigations of Japanese schools and described in several papers of FURUKAWA, SAEGUSA and their coworkers 5). However, the scope of the earlier investigations was limited and even the conversion-time dependence for this type of polymerization was not known with certainty.The purpose of the present work is the bulk polymerization of 3,3-bis-(chloromethy1)oxetane a t temperatures near the polymer melting point, 180°C., and well above, where polymer melt could be processed. Experimental3,3-bis(chloromethyl)oxetane was prepared as previously described6*'). Immediately before use monomer was dis...
I n the polymerization of 3,3-bis(chloromethyl)oxetane catalyzed by Al(iso-C,H,),/ water] catalyst, according to the previously reported data (FURIJKAWA, SAEGUSA et al.) 157
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