Sepsis condition can cause life-threatening complications including organ dysfunction, circulatory failure, or mortality. Electrolyte abnormalities, including hyperkalaemia, hyponatremia, hypophosphatemia, and hypocalcaemia, have been observed in the later stages of sepsis due to cellular damage or ion channel dysfunction. Fluid resuscitation has been suggested as the common intervention to improve the patient’s condition when in septic shock. Fluids can help in an enhanced distribution of both intravascular and extravascular compartments, thereby increasing cardiac output. Timely fluid administration has shown improved survival rates with fewer severe microcirculatory alterations and mitochondrial dysfunctions. Fluid and electrolyte management is an effective strategy for treating sepsis but certain factors including timing, dosage, type of fluid and the health status of the individual needs to be carefully considered. Early intervention therapy seems to be effective in individuals with sepsis and has minimized the requirement for additional fluid administration. Certain aspects of fluid management including the future potentiality of dynamic fluid responsiveness and the role of albumin administration in sepsis treatment still need to be clarified. This review focuses on the updated management strategies that can be used for fluid and electrolyte management in individuals with sepsis. Keywords: Sepsis; Fluid resuscitation; electrolyte replacement therapy; albumin; intravenous therapy; septic shock Highlights In patients with sepsis, fluid resuscitation has been an effective intervention and earlier administration of therapy has minimized the need for additional fluid administration. Future research lends scope for improvement and advancements in electrolyte replacement therapy, effects of resuscitation, the effectiveness of fluid responsiveness and role of albumin in fluid management.

Human body comprises of different internal and external biological components. Human organs tend to fail due to continuous or sudden stress which leads to deterioration, failure, and dislocation. The choice of selection and fabrication of materials for tissue engineering play a key role in terms of suitability, sensitivity, and functioning with other organs as a replacement for failed organs. The progressive improvement of the additive manufacturing (AM) approach in healthcare made it possible to print multi-material and customized complex/intricate geometries in a layer-by-layer fashion. The customized or patient-specific implant fabrication can be easily produced with a high success rate due to the development of AM technologies with tailorable properties. The structural behavior of 3D printed biomaterials is a crucial factor in tissue engineering as they affect the functionality of the implants. Various techniques have been developed in appraising the important features and the effects of the subsequent design of the biomaterial implants. The behavior of the AM built biomaterial implants can be understood visually by an imaging system with a high spatial and spectral resolution. This review intends to present an overview of various biomaterials used in implants, followed by a detailed description of optical 3D printing procedures and evaluation of the performance of 3D printed biomaterials using optical characterization.