Objectives: To determine risk factors of cervical cancer and role of healthcare providers regarding awareness and counseling of PAP-smear. Methods: It was case-control study conducted from Jan-2021 till may-2021 at two tertiary care hospitals of Karachi South. The intended sample size was 255 subjects as 105 cases and 150 controls. The inclusion criteria were diagnosed cases of CA Cervix and under the age of 50 years. Controls were recruited from the general population. All the data were entered into SPSS version 23. The odds ratio was calculated to compare the risks of occurring CA cervix among cases and controls. The relationship of risk factors was assessed by binary logistic regression. P-value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: Generally, highly significant p-value (<0.000) was observed; depicted a positive association for a level of education, age at first intercourse, and number of parity in cases of CA cervix and controls (OR=4.3). The correct predicted rate was 68.8% for having CA cervix among controls due to family history, the knowledge of PAP smear screening, ever counseled for a PAP smear, ever tested for a PAP smear, never been tested for PAP smear due to cost. Conclusion: Educational level, age at first intercourse, number of parity was the risk factors of CA cervix. Family history of CA Cervix, knowledge of cervical cancer screening, ever counseled for PAP smear, ever tested for PAP smear, never been tested for PAP smear due to cost were significantly predicted for CA cervix among controls. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.38.4.4969 How to cite this:Sadia H, Shahwani IM, BANA KFM. Risk factors of cervical cancer and role of primary healthcare providers regarding PAP smears counseling: Case control study. Pak J Med Sci. 2022;38(4):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.38.4.4969 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Stroke is characterized by the sudden loss of blood circulation to an areaof the brain, resulting in a corresponding loss of neurologic function. It is also called ascereberovascular accident (CVA) or stroke syndrome. Objectives: To determine frequencyof hypertension, diabetes mellitus and smoking in patients with ischemic stroke. Patientsand methods: This cross sectional study of six months was carried out in the department ofmedicine, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences. Patients aged 20-70 years of agewith ischemic stroke on CT were enrolled in the study after taking consent from caretaker ofpatients. Detailed history focusing on hypertension, diabetes and smoking and their durationwas taken. Blood pressure was recorded and fundoscopy was done to find out diabetic orhypertensive retinopathy. Thorough neurological examination was done and blood sugar(fasting and random) was evaluated. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 16.Results: A total of 100 patients were included in the study during study period. 64% of patientswere in ≥ 50 years of age group with mean age of 52±11 years. A total of 66 (66%) were male;with male to female ratio was 2:1. Hypertension was present in 61% of cases, Diabetes wasfound in 32% cases and 40 patients were cigarette smokers. Conclusions: It was concludedthat high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus and smoking are associated with ischemic stroke.

Objective: To determine the frequency of H. pylori in patients with functionaldyspepsia. Patients and methods: This six months multidisciplinary study was conducted attertiary care teaching hospital as well as at private hospital Hyderabad from February 2012 to July2012. All patients presented with history of dyspepsia were admitted and evaluated for functionaldyspepsia by performing endoscopy. After confirmation of functional dyspepsia the subjectswere further evaluated for H. pylori infection by taking the biopsy specimen, label it and sent tolaboratory for histopathological examination. The data was entered, saved and analyzed in SPSSversion 11.00. Results: During six month study period, total 100 patients with functionaldyspepsia were recruited. Majority of patients were from low socioeconomic class (78%), havehistory of spicy food intake (68%) and epigastric pain (94%). The associated symptoms observedwere nausea and vomiting (87%), anorexia (88%), early satiety (84%) and regurgitation (84%).The mean ±SD for age of patients with functional dyspepsia was 37.95±10.85. The mean age±SD of H. pylori identified patients was 35.81±7.72. Majority of the subjects was 30-40 years ofage and the male population predominant 64% (p-value 0.02, statistically significant). The H.pylori was identified in 62% of patients, of which 35 (56.5%) were males and 27(43.5%) werefemales (p-value 0.04, statistically significant) respectively.

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is a generalized disorder,immune response to infection which results in disturbed microcirculation, visceral perfusion andultimately visceral failure. Objectives: To determine the frequency of systemic inflammatoryresponse syndrome in patients with liver cirrhosis. Design: Cross sectional descriptive.Period: Six months study. Setting: At Liaquat University Hospital Hyderabad. Patients andmethods: All the patients with liver cirrhosis for 06 months duration admitted in the ward werefurther evaluated for systemic inflammatory response syndrome. The data was analyzed inSPSS 16 and the frequency and percentage was calculated. Results: During six months studyperiod, total 100 cirrhotic subjects were studied for SIRS. The mean ± SD for age in all (100)cirrhotic patients was 45.74 ± 7.537. The mean temperatures was 40.42±0.32 where as it was39.72±0.43 and 38.92±0.11 in male and female population respectively. The mean heart beatwas 128.42±6.74 where as it was 115.83±8.93 and 120.62±5.53 in male and female populationrespectively. The mean respiratory rate was 25.31±3.52 where as it was 23.52±2.31 and26.63±3.21 in male and female population respectively. The mean white blood cell count was28.81±4.51 where as it was 23.74±4.73 and 30.83±5.73 respectively. The SIRS was observedin 70% subjects of which 47(67.1%) were males and 23(32.9%) were females (p=0.04). Majorityof SIRS subjects were 30-39 years of age and male population was predominant (p=0.03). Thegender distribution in relation to severity of liver disease was statistically significant (p=0.05)while the SIRS in relation statical analysis. Conclusions: The systemic inflammatory responsesyndrome occurs in patients with liver cirrhosis.

Objective: To determine the frequency of raised C-reactive protein (CRP) inpatients with metabolic syndrome. Patients and methods: This cross sectional descriptivestudy of six months study was conducted at Liaquat University Hospital Hyderabad. All thepatients of 20 to 60 years of age, of either gender presented with symptoms of metabolicsyndrome for more than 01 year duration were admitted and evaluated for C-reactive protein.The data was analyzed in SPSS 16 and the frequency and percentage was calculated. Results:Total one hundred patients (59 females and 41 males) with metabolic syndrome were evaluatedfor C-reactive protein. The mean waist circumference for males and female patients with raisedCRP was 48.93±2.33 and 48.42±3.41 while the mean ±SD of serum triglycerides level for maleand female with raised CRP was 192.41±3.21 and 196.31±3.43 respectively. The mean ±SD ofserum HDL-C level for male and female with raised CRP was 28.32±1.22 and 25.31±1.42. Themean ±SD of systolic and diastolic pressure for males and female patients with raised CRP was150±3.42 and 100.51±4.42. The mean ±SD of serum fasting blood sugar for male and femalepatients with raised CRP was 131.52±3.33 and 143.42±7.42 respectively. The mean ±SD ofCRP for male and female patients with raised CRP was 4.42±1.21 and 5.8±2.52. In relationto gender distribution, the majority of subjects from 40-49 years of age group with femalepredominance (p = 0.01) while the CRP was raised in 67% patients in relation to age (p=0.05)and gender (p=0.04) respectively. Out of 67 subjects with raised CRP 44 were females and 23were males.Conclusions: The CRP was raised in patients with metabolic syndrome.