There are significant issues related to academic integrity in Pakistani medical schools that require remedy. The Dundee Polyprofessional Inventory-1 as customized for use in Pakistan is a useful tool to measure professionalism lapses related to academic integrity.

The dental profession is an important segment of human health care services all over the world. Dental schools in Europe and United States have evolved their curriculum to keep abreast with advances in dentistry; like connective tissue biophysics and molecular engineering through an objectively structured and clinically oriented curriculum. However, dental education in our country is still mostly traditional. This article examines the new approaches to teaching and learning in dental schools/colleges that are shaping dental curriculum globally. Articles relating to curricular trends in dental education and advancement in the dental profession published between 2010-2020 were searched in medical search engines. However, few relevant articles published before this period were also consulted. The current trends in dental curricula show new teaching, learning, and assessment methods like small group discussions, case-based learning, competency-based learning, Inquiry-based teaching-learning, and peer-assisted learning. The curricular format is integrated and new innovative assessment techniques like the assessment of multiple systematic reviews (AMSTAR) are being employed. Virtual reality, interdisciplinary teaching, and distributed community models in dental education are being implemented. The emergence of COVID-19 has also affected dental education and as a result, e-learning formats and assessment techniques have become increasingly popular. Dental schools abroad have revamped their curriculum with the advances in newer technologies and research related to dentistry. There is a need to immediately update and redesign the present dental curriculum in our country as well.

Objective: To compare the outcome of cholecystectomy with and without drainage. Design: Descriptive; analytical. Placeand duration of Study: The study was carried out from Jun 2005 to Nov 2006 at Unit III, Department of Surgery, Liaqat University of Medical& Health Sciences, Jamshoro. Material & Methods: All the patients diagnosed as cholelithiasis were treated with open cholecystectomy. Thepatients were randomly divided in group A and B. Number 18 Nasogastric tube was inserted in subheptic space after cholecystectomy in GroupA, and no drain tube was placed in group B patients. Postoperatively patients in both groups were given same antibiotics. Postoperativecomplications and hospital stay were monitored in both groups. Exclusion criteria were cardiopulmonary disease, cirrhosis liver and diabetiesmellitus. Patients with acute cholecystitis and choledocholithiasis were also excluded from study. Z-test is used to test the difference betweenproportions of two groups are statistically insignificant. Results: During the study period a total of 100 patients were operated for cholelithiasis,with 50 patients in each group. The mean age for group A and B were 46 and 45 years respectively. The female to male ratio in the group Aand B were 45:5 and 43:7 respectively. Mortality rate in both groups was zero. Group A had two cases of infected collection in subhepatic spaceand five cases of wound infection. In group B one patient with bile collection, one infected collection and two cases had wound infection. Meanhospital stay was 3.7 in group A as compared to 2.26 in group B. Both groups are statistically insignificant with respect to complications.Conclusion: Routine drainage after cholecystectomy is unnecessary.