The possibilities of using large-tonnage waste from the Saratov region in the production of building materials are analysed. Waste was investigated: phosphogypsum - waste from the production of mineral fertilizers; steel-making slag, limestone crushing waste, construction waste (crushed concrete). The extraction of strontium and rare-earth metals from phosphogypsum is substantiated, followed by its processing into products that solidify according to the non-hydration principle, or use in the compositions of expanding cements. The development of geopolymer binders of alkaline activation based on steel-making slags is proposed. The introduction of low water demand carbonate cements into construction practice has been substantiated. Limestone crushing waste can be used as a carbonate mineral additive. The processing of crushed concrete waste into crushed stone, coarse sands and finely dispersed additives into cement concretes is considered. Technologies for processing large-tonnage waste in the production of building materials are environmentally sound and economically justified.

Sodium silicate binders are a promising binder base for obtaining effective granular thermal insulation materials. Increasing water resistance, first of all, will expand the scope of their application in construction. At the same time, the features of the modification of sodium silicate binders by compounds of polyvalent metals have not been fully studied, the interaction with which leads to the formation of hardly soluble silicates. The purpose of this work was to develop a modifying complex based on a zinc-containing compound - zinc acetate to increase the water resistance and thermal characteristics of the porous granular material. The proposed modifying additive is a complex consisting of zinc acetate and an organic alcohol solvent. It is shown that the properties of porous granular material can be controlled by changing the composition of the zinc acetate solvent. Qualitative and quantitative dependences of the properties of porous granules (strength, water resistance, density, thermal conductivity) on the type of zinc-containing solution and its content in the compositions have been obtained. The concept of the mechanism of formation of sparingly soluble complexes during the modification of sodium silicate binders with zinc-containing aqueous-alcoholic solutions has been developed. X-ray phase analysis showed that the sodium silicate system modified with an aqueous alcohol solution of zinc acetate, in contrast to an aqueous solution of zinc acetate, is completely in an amorphous state. We believe that compounds of the Zn2SiO4H2O, ZnSiO3 type are in the amorphous state. The obtained research results made it possible to determine the rational composition of granular heat-insulating material with increased operational and functional characteristics (ρ = 200-280 kg / m3, λ = 0.052-0.063 W / (m °C), R = 1.3-1.8 MPa, Kr = 0.89-0.92, W = 16- 18 %).

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Modern methods allow to improve the functional properties of silicate-sodium compositions. Increased water resistance primarily will allow their use in construction. The article presents the results of the study of modified silicate-sodium compositions by X-ray phase analysis, differential thermal analysis, thermo-gravimetric analysis. An organic zinc-containing compound, zinc acetate dihydrate, which is introduced into the binder in the form of a concentrated aqueous fluid, was used as a modifier. Using X-ray analysis, it was shown that in the hardening system “silicate-sodium binder an aqueous fluid of zinc acetate” in the temperature range 110-450°C various forms of hydroxides, silicates and zinc silicates are formed. In addition, at T = 450°C, only “traces” of ZnO were detected, and the crystalline phase of the hardly soluble zinc metasilicate ZnSiO3 prevailed. The results of the study of modified samples by thermal analysis indicate the processes of thermal decomposition of the modifying additive in the binder system and indicate the possible formation of a new crystalline phase (ZnSiO3) at a temperature of 440-450°C. It was revealed that temperature treatment of modified samples in the range of 440-450°C leads to a more significant increase in water resistance (by 25-28%) than during low-temperature curing (by 20-23%).