Background
Plasmodium malariae
is the third most prevalent human malaria-causing species and has a patchy, but ample distribution in the world. Humans can host the parasite for years without presenting significant symptoms, turning its diagnosis and control into a difficult task. Here, we investigated the immunogenicity of recombinant proteins of
P
.
malariae
MSP1.
Methods
Five regions of PmMSP1 were expressed in
Escherichia coli
as GST-fusion proteins and immunized in BALB/c mice. The specificity, subtyping, and affinity of raised antibodies were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Cellular immune responses were analyzed by lymphoproliferation assays and cytokine levels produced by splenocytes were detected by cytometry.
Results
We found that N-terminal, central regions, and PmMSP1
19
are strongly immunogenic in mice. After three doses, the induced immune responses remained high for 70 days. While antibodies induced after immunization with N-terminal and central regions showed similar affinities to the target antigens, affinities of IgG against PmMSP1
19
were higher. All proteins induced similar antibody subclass patterns (predominantly IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b), characterizing a mixed Th1/Th2 response. Further, autologous stimulation of splenocytes from immunized mice led to the secretion of IL2 and IL4, independently of the antigen used. Importantly, IgG from
P
.
malariae
-exposed individuals reacted against PmMSP1 recombinant proteins with a high specificity. On the other hand, sera from
P
.
vivax
or
P
.
falciparum
-infected individuals did not react at all against recombinant PmMSP1 proteins.
Conclusion
Recombinant PmMSP1 proteins are very useful diagnostic markers of
P
.
malariae
in epidemiological studies or in the differential diagnosis of malaria caused by this species. Immunization with recombinant PmMSP1 proteins resulted in a significant humoral immune response, which may turn them potential component candidates for a vaccine against
P
.
malariae
.
A Leishmaniose Tegumentar Americana (LTA) é caracterizada por feridas na pele em forma de “cratera de lua” com baixa mortalidade, mas alta morbidade. Embora exista diagnóstico e tratamento para a LTA, a doença requer que seja feito um trabalho educativo de prevenção, uma vez que o diagnóstico é muito invasivo e o tratamento muito agressivo. Considerando os elevados números de casos autóctones de LTA na região do Vale do Ribeira, o objetivo desse estudo foi realizar ações formativas e educativas nos municípios de Cerro Azul e de Itaperuçu nos anos de 2016 a 2019. Desse modo, para ambos os municípios, foram propostas atividades educativas considerando aspectos relacionados ao: a) agente etiológico, o protozoário; b) vetor, o inseto, c) ambiente; d) profilaxia; e) diagnóstico e; f) tratamento da LTA. Em Itaperuçu, os agentes de saúde receberam capacitação sobre a coleta e reconhecimento dos flebotomíneos, vetores de Leishmania spp. Ainda, em Itaperuçu e Cerro Azul, diversas atividades educativas como jogos, palestras, teatro foram realizados para estudantes e professores. A discussão e os esclarecimentos sobre essa endemia, envolvendo os órgãos de saúde e as escolas, auxiliam na implantação de políticas públicas e melhoria ao acesso para o diagnóstico, o tratamento e, sobretudo, na sua profilaxia para a comunidade. Esses fatores favorecem o sistema de vigilância da LTA, resultando em benefícios na saúde pública para a população dessa região.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.