Biosurfaktan dari mikroorganisme mempunyai sifat fisika kimia yang stabil, tidak mencemari lingkungan, mudah terurai, dapat diperbaharui, lebih murah dan memiliki toksisitas rendah sehingga dapat digunakan dalam industri farmasi sebagai antibakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji aktivitas emulsifikasi dan karakterisasi biosurfaktan dari  Bacillus cereus. Uji hemolisis dan oli spreading dilakukan sebagai penapisan awal. Produksi biosurfaktan menggunakan sistem bacth yang dishaker selama 7 hari. Supernatan diuji aktivitas biosurfaktan melalui indeks emulsifikasi dan dikarakterisasi menggunakan kromatografi lapis tipis serta pengujian kualitatif antibakteri. Bacillus cereus dapat menghidrolisis darah dan menyebarkan lapisan minyak Hasil indeks emulsifikasi pada hari ke  0, 1, 3, 5, dan 7 secara berurutan 44,83%, 48,28%, 51,72%, 46,43%, dan 51,50%. Hasil KLT yang ditandai noda merah dengan penampak ninhidrin menunjukkan golongan lipopeptida. Pengujian antibakteri menggunakan Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus menunjukkan terbentuknya zona bening di sekitar kertas cakram. Bacillus cereus dapat menghasilkan biosurfaktan golongan lipopeptida dengan indeks emulsifikasi terbesar 51.72% pada hari ketiga dan memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap gram positif maupun gram negatif.

Endophytic bacteria is an excellent candidates for the biological control of pathogenic fungi in plantations. The objectives of this study were to isolate and examine anti-fungal activity of endophytic bacteria from oil palm plantations in South Kalimantan against Ganoderma boninense. This research was performed in three phases, i.e., isolation, selection, and assessment of endophytic bacteria isolates against Ganoderma boninense. A total of 126 colonies of endophytic bacteria were isolated. The result of the anti-fungal activity test with dual culture method demostrated that BKA 10 isolate had the largest inhibition zone (62.22%). Molecular identification by DNA analysis using 16S rRNA primers showed that BKA 10 is most closely related to Bacillus cereus. In conclusion, isolate with the best anti-fungal acitivity against Ganoderma boninense has the closest kinship with Bacillus cereus. Keywords: antifungal, dual culture, Bacillus cereus.

Biosurfactants are surface tension lowering agents produced by microorganisms which have advantages in many respects over synthetic surfactants. Biosurfactants are more environmentally friendly and can be used widely in pharmaceutical field. One of the bacteria that has not been widely explored as biosurfactants producer is Brevudimonas terrae. The production of biosurfactants in these bacteria also needs to be optimized, including by using waste frying oil as a carbon source. The purpose of this study was to obtain optimum conditions in the production of bio-surfactants by utilizing waste frying oil as a carbon source from this bacteria. In this study, variations in the optimized production conditions included the concentration of waste frying oil, labelled 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5% and the medium pH at 6, 7, and 8. The study was using Mineral Salt Medium as production medium, the amount of inoculum concentration was 10% v/v, agitation speed 160 rpm and incubation at room temperature. The optimum conditions for biosurfactant production were determined based on the best emulsification index. The biosurfactant extraction was carried out using a combination of chloroform and methanol (2:1) solvents. The best concentrations of waste frying oil for Brevundimonas terrae was 3%, and the best medium pH was 7. Biosurfactants produced from this bacteria amounted to 9,63 g/L with an emulsification index 61,25%.

ABSTRACT Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness in the world. One of many strategies for controlling intraocular pressure to prevent blindness due to glaucoma is by inhibiting the production and/or increasing drainage of fluid in the eyeball. One of the potential natural remedies for such control is pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) and aloe vera (Aloe vera L.). This study aimed to evaluate the activity of lowering intraocular pressure of pomegranate and Aloe vera combination ethanol extracts in rats with ocular hypertension. Pomegranate and aloe vera were extracted by maceration method using 70% ethanol. Thirty rats were randomly divided into six groups, namely normal control group, rats with ocular hypertension control, drug control (acetazolamide 25 mg/kg BW p.o), pomegranate extract 500 mg/kg BW p.o, Aloe vera extract 500 mg/kg BW p.o, and extract combination p.o (each extract 500 mg/kg BW). Induction of ocular hypertension was performed by administering twelvedrops of 1% prednisolone acetate to the right eye. Intraocular pressure was measured using the schiotz tonometer before induction, after induction, and one hour after treatment. The combination of pomegranate and aloe vera extract given to rats with ocular hypertension showed a better potential to reduce intraocular pressure than a single administration of each extract, the percentage of reduction in intraocular pressure was 33.6±9.1%, 28.2±13.8%, and 29.9±8.1%, respectively. However, the combination of the two extracts did not show additive or synergistic effects and the potential of reducing intraocular pressure was lower than the acetazolamide drug. Keywords: Intraocular pressure, pomegranate, Aloe vera ABSTRAK Glaukoma merupakan penyebab kebutaan terbanyak ke dua di dunia. Strategi pengendalian tekanan intraokular untuk mencegah kebutaan akibat glaukoma dapat dilakukan dengan cara menghambat produksi dan atau melancarkan drainase cairan dalam bola mata. Salah satu sumber bahan baku alami yang potensial untuk pengendalian tersebut adalah buah delima (Punica granatum L.) dan lidah buaya (Aloe vera L.). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji potensi efek penurunan tekanan intraokular kombinasi buah delima dan lidah buaya pada tikus yang mengalami hipertensi okular. Buah delima dan lidah buaya diekstraksi dengan metode maserasi menggunakan etanol 70%. Secara acak, 30 ekor tikus dibagi kedalam 6 kelompok yaitu kelompok kontrol normal, kontrol tikus yang mengalami hipertensi okular, kontrol obat (asetazolamid 25 mg/kgBB p.o), ekstrak buah delima 500 mg/kgBB p.o, ekstrak lidah buaya 500 mg/kgBB p.o., kombinasi ekstrak p.o (masing – masing ekstrak 500 mg/kgBB). Induksi hipertensi okular dilakukan dengan pemberian 12 tetes prednisolon asetat 1% pada mata kanan. Tekanan intraokular diukur menggunakan tonomoter schiotz sebelum induksi, setelah induksi dan satu jam setelah pemberian perlakuan. Kombinasi ekstrak buah delima dan lidah buaya yang diberikan pada tikus yang mengalami hipertensi okular menunjukkan potensi yang lebih baik dalam menurunkan tekanan intraokular dibandingkan pemberian tunggal masing–masing ekstrak, persentase penurunan tekanan intra okular berturut-turut 33,6±9,1%, 28,2±13,8% dan 29,9±8,1%. Namun, pemberian kombinasi kedua ekstrak tersebut tidak menunjukkan efek aditif ataupun sinergis serta potensi dalam menurunkan tekanan intraokular masih dibawah obat asetazolamid. Kata kunci: Tekanan intraokular, buah delima, lidah buaya

Biosurfactant is a secondary metabolite produced by microorganisms that can be used as an alternative to environmentally friendly surfactants. Exiguobacterium profundum is one of the biosurfactants producers that potentially to be used in the pharmaceutical field. The use of waste frying oil as a carbon source can be used as a solution in overcoming the high cost of producing biosurfactants. The purpose of this study was to obtain optimum conditions in the production of biosurfactants by utilizing waste frying oil as a carbon source. In this study, variations in the optimized production conditions included the concentration of waste frying oil, labeled 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5%, and the medium pH at 6, 7, and 8. The study was using Mineral Salt Medium as production medium, the amount of inoculum concentration was 10% v/v, agitation speed 160 rpm, and incubation at room temperature. The optimum conditions for biosurfactant production were determined based on the best emulsification index. The biosurfactant extraction was carried out using a combination of chloroform and methanol (2:1) solvents. The best concentrations of waste frying oil for Exiguobacterium profundum was 5%, and the best medium pH was 7. Biosurfactants produced from Exiguobacterium profundum amounted to 8,2 g/L with an emulsification index 63,2%.