Most computational fluid dynamics simulations are, at present, performed in a body-fixed frame, for aeronautical purposes. With the advent of sharp manoeuvre, which may lead to transient effects originating in the acceleration of the centre of mass, there is a need to have a consistent formulation of the Navier–Stokes equations in an arbitrarily moving frame. These expressions should be in a form that allows terms to be transformed between non-inertial and inertial frames and includes gravity, viscous terms, and linear and angular acceleration. Since no effects of body acceleration appear in the inertial frame Navier–Stokes equations themselves, but only in their boundary conditions, it is useful to investigate acceleration source terms in the non-inertial frame. In this paper, a derivation of the energy equation is provided in addition to the continuity and momentum equations previously published. Relevant dimensionless constants are derived which can be used to obtain an indication of the relative significance of acceleration effects. The necessity for using computational fluid dynamics to capture nonlinear effects remains, and various implementation schemes for accelerating bodies are discussed. This theoretical treatment is intended to provide a foundation for interpretation of aerodynamic effects observed in manoeuvre, particularly for accelerating missiles.

Funding agencies: DRDB [KT466921, KT528944, KT470887]

No abstract

It has previously been observed that ion-acoustic waves exhibit two types of behaviour as the proportion of light ions in a mixed plasma is varied. Either the principal mode of the heavy ion plasma changes continuously into that of the light ion plasma, or it becomes too heavily damped to be observable while a second wave appears and develops into the principal light ion mode. A similar phenomenon is observed as the wavenumber or the ratio of electron temperature to ion temperature is changed. Criteria determining which behaviour occurs are derived by considering the form of the dielectric response function. The results may also be used to predict which of the higher-order modes of the plasma is involved in the process, and whether degeneracies exist in the dispersion relation.

Abstract. Phthalocyanines are synthetic analogues of porphyrins employed as photosensitizers in cancer therapy. We present the history of photodynamic therapy and developments in the use of phthalocyanines as photosensitizers. New efforts in the development of more cancer-specific phthalocyanines are presented. The combination of phthalocyanines with nanoparticles for "combination therapy" of cancer is also discussed. The nanoparticles employed are quantum dots, gold, and magnetic nanoparticles.

No abstract