Abstract. Irwani, Wijayanti DP, Satria AW, Sabdono A. 2020. Phylogeographic and molecular characterization of Pronghorn spiny lobster (Panulirus penicillatus Olivier, 1791) in the Southern Coast of Java and Lombok, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 5691-5697. Panulirus penicillatus is one of the most important lobster species in Central Java. It is one of the most populous species in the southern part of Java and Lombok. However, uncontrolled catching causes a decrease in the population of P. penicillatus. Despite such human threats, information about the taxonomic status of this species is limited. Several previous reports on the taxonomy of this species have always been based on the morphological features that cause ambiguous identification. Therefore, this study aimed to establish the relationships of P. penicillatus in southern parts of the southern part of Java and Lombok by using the molecular technique. Twelve samples were collected from four study areas of the southern coast of the southern part of Java and Lombok and identified using DNA barcoding technique. DNA barcoding technique was used for the first time to identify P. penicillatus in this region. This study demonstrated that all specimens belonged to P. penicillatus. However, one specimen (PPK-06) showed high intraspecies nucleotide divergence that formed a distinct subclade. Therefore, the specimen (PPK-06) could represent a cryptic species within P. penicillatus that needs to be studied further.

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This Classroom Action Research (CAR) was carried out considering the importance of efforts to improve the quality of learning outcomes through various ways or optimal learning strategies, where the teacher plays a very important role in preparing students to take part in learning. The Problem Based Learning model was chosen to improve the ability to solve the problem of the Dynamics of Implementation of Pancasila Democracy in Civics Subjects in class XI BKP1 of SMK Negeri 2 Karang Baru, Even Semester of TP. 2021/2022. This is deemed very necessary because interest and motivation and student learning outcomes in the class are still low. The subjects of this study amounted to 30 people. The research data was obtained by using a performance test in the form of student observation sheets. From student learning outcomes, data obtained in the first cycle of students' courage in asking questions and expressing opinions increased from 70.33% to 85.55%, an increase of 15.22%

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