Open science refers to all things open in research and scholarly communication: from publications and research data to code, models and methods as well as quality evaluation based on open peer review. However, getting started with implementing open science might not be as straightforward for all stakeholders. For example, what do research funders expect in terms of open access to publications and/or research data? Where and how to publish research data? How to ensure that research results are reproducible? These are all legitimate questions and, in particular, early career researchers may benefit from additional guidance and training. In this paper we review the activities of the European-funded FOSTER project which organized and supported a wide range of targeted trainings for open science, based on face-to-face events and on a growing suite of e-learning courses. This article reviews the approach and experiences gained from the first two years of the project.

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Why don't we have it yet? -GloballyThe US-based Alliance for Taxpayer Access (ATA) -a diverse and growing alliance of organizations representing taxpayers, patients, physicians, researchers, and institutions that support open public access to taxpayer-funded research (http://www.taxpayeraccess.org/) provided a quotation from Earlier Sharon Terry, President of the Genetic Alliance: -My children have a genetic disease. It is rare, not well understood, and there is no treatment or cure. However, the most disturbing obstacle we face is the wall around published 1. Expanded access to research increases its impact and better informs subsequent research.2. Broader access to knowledge fuels accelerated use and innovation.3. Expanded innovation resulting from enhanced access will improve health care outcomes.4. More innovation will stimulate the U.S. life sciences economy. [10] 5 5. Public access is an opportunity for publishing and other industries. 6. Public access will ensure all stakeholders have access to the research they need. Taxpayer equity.A growing body of evidence demonstrates that when scientific research is accessed more frequently it is cited more often in subsequent research, a common measure of research impact [11].As ATA already presented, open access and cooperative sharing played a key role in the sequencing of the SARS virus in just seven days, expediting the development of diagnostic tests to identify the virus.Researchers found that unprecedented cooperation and speedy scientific advancement allowed them to quickly control outbreaks [12]. findings, which would, in turn, increase the efficiency of R&D as it builds upon previous research. Another 6 significant potential -to expand the use and application of research findings to a much wider range of users, well beyond the core research institutions that have had access to the subscription-based literature.Estimating the benefits of a one-off increase in accessibility and efficiency they found that:• With public sector R&D expenditure at AUD 5,912 million in 2002-03 and a 25% rate of social return to R&D, a 5% increase in accessibility and efficiency would be worth AUD 150 million a year;• With higher education R&D expenditure at AUD 3,430 million and a 25% rate of social return to R&D, a 5% increase in accessibility and efficiency would be worth AUD 88 million a year; and• With ARC administered competitive grants funding at AUD 480 million and a 25% rate of social return to R&D, a 5% increase in accessibility and efficiency would be worth AUD 12 million a year [15].John Houghton, Colin Steele and Peter Sheehan refer to Getz and his three important dimensions of benefit: broader industry, government and society impacts; educational impacts; and the potential for greater integration of publications and other the digital objects that are increasingly the outputs of research (e.g. numeric data sets, software algorithms, animations, sound and video files) [16]. And to the ‗dis-benefits' of the subscription publishing system by Kircz which was not the full...

Why don't we have it yet? -GloballyThe US-based Alliance for Taxpayer Access (ATA) -a diverse and growing alliance of organizations representing taxpayers, patients, physicians, researchers, and institutions that support open public access to taxpayer-funded research (http://www.taxpayeraccess.org/) provided a quotation from Earlier Sharon Terry, President of the Genetic Alliance: -My children have a genetic disease. It is rare, not well understood, and there is no treatment or cure. However, the most disturbing obstacle we face is the wall around published 1. Expanded access to research increases its impact and better informs subsequent research.2. Broader access to knowledge fuels accelerated use and innovation.3. Expanded innovation resulting from enhanced access will improve health care outcomes.4. More innovation will stimulate the U.S. life sciences economy. [10] 5 5. Public access is an opportunity for publishing and other industries. 6. Public access will ensure all stakeholders have access to the research they need. Taxpayer equity.A growing body of evidence demonstrates that when scientific research is accessed more frequently it is cited more often in subsequent research, a common measure of research impact [11].As ATA already presented, open access and cooperative sharing played a key role in the sequencing of the SARS virus in just seven days, expediting the development of diagnostic tests to identify the virus.Researchers found that unprecedented cooperation and speedy scientific advancement allowed them to quickly control outbreaks [12]. findings, which would, in turn, increase the efficiency of R&D as it builds upon previous research. Another 6 significant potential -to expand the use and application of research findings to a much wider range of users, well beyond the core research institutions that have had access to the subscription-based literature.Estimating the benefits of a one-off increase in accessibility and efficiency they found that:• With public sector R&D expenditure at AUD 5,912 million in 2002-03 and a 25% rate of social return to R&D, a 5% increase in accessibility and efficiency would be worth AUD 150 million a year;• With higher education R&D expenditure at AUD 3,430 million and a 25% rate of social return to R&D, a 5% increase in accessibility and efficiency would be worth AUD 88 million a year; and• With ARC administered competitive grants funding at AUD 480 million and a 25% rate of social return to R&D, a 5% increase in accessibility and efficiency would be worth AUD 12 million a year [15].John Houghton, Colin Steele and Peter Sheehan refer to Getz and his three important dimensions of benefit: broader industry, government and society impacts; educational impacts; and the potential for greater integration of publications and other the digital objects that are increasingly the outputs of research (e.g. (http://repository.ucu.edu.ua and http://dspace.ucu.edu.ua) in the Center for the Humanities of Lviv National University (http://www.humanities.org.ua and http://dspace.humanit...