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This paper integrates acidolysis and in situ hydrogenation of biomass to produce bio-oil featuring a high yield and also a high effective hydrogen/carbon molar ratio (H/Ceff). A catalytic amount of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (HOTf) is found to be very effective to cleave glycosidic bonds in carbohydrates and β-O-4 bonds in lignin, resulting in the formation of various carbohydrate/lignin-derived radicals. The in situ hydrogenation in the presence of Ru/C and H2 stabilizes the resulting radicals and, thus, prevents their repolymerization. This HOTf–Ru/C system is applicable to a wide range of feedstocks. Typically, the yield of bio-oil (dichloromethane extract) from pine wood at 160 °C can be as high as 43.2 wt % with a H/Ceff of 1.24, which is high enough to be co-processed in the existing refineries.