Seeds associated to fungal pathogens are efficient vehicles for disease dissemination in the field. Such pathogens affect the seed quality and longevity, causing a decrease or loss of germination, discoloration, necrosis, and decay, in addition to leading to the production of mycotoxins in some pathosystems. To control them several synthetic chemicals are used. Nevertheless, the use of synthetic chemicals poses a risk to human health and the environment. Therefore, there is a growing demand for the use of alternative methods for the treatment of seeds, such as plant extracts. This review evaluated the use and efficacy of plant extracts for the control of fungal pathogens associated to seeds. Some control methods are used in seed treatment, plant extracts stand out due to the secondary metabolic in their constitution, which inhibit pathogen growth. The literature review showed that 100% of the studies reported that plant extracts were efficient to control the different pathogens evaluated, 63% stated an increase in seed germination, 21% reported no change in germination, 5% mentioned negative interference, and 11% did not evaluate the use of plant extracts. The aqueous extracts were used as extractors in 72% of the studies. Plant extracts were reported as promising to replace synthetic fungicides in 33% of the studies; however, 67% did not compare their use. Nevertheless, efficient extraction methods are required, considering low persistence and volatilization of plant extracts in the field. Plant extracts are efficient to control fungal pathogens.
A cana-de-açúcar tem grande importância socioeconômica, devido a geração de emprego, e por ser matéria prima para diversos produtos. Portanto, é imprescidível realizar o manejo nutricional adequado, principalmente do nitrogênio (N), visando beneficiar a produtividade da cultura. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o desenvolvimento de diferentes variedades de cana-de-açúcar cultivadas com fornecimento de N via solução nutritiva e foliar. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação do Instituto Federal de Pernambuco - Campus Vitória, utilizando mudas pré-brotadas de cana-de-açúcar (MPB), em delineamento em blocos casualizado, com duas variedades RB992506 e CTC961007, cultivadas em areia lavada na ausência e presença de N, com dois níveis de aplicação foliar do N (com e sem), arranjo fatorial (2 x 2 x 2), com três repetições. Aos 53 DAT foram realizadas as avaliações: diâmetro do colmo; altura da planta; massa fresca e seca da parte aérea e da raiz; clorofila; largura e comprimento, da folha +1. A solução nutritiva completa, incrementou todas as variáveis supracitada, independentemente da aplicão foliar de N. De modo geral a aplicação foliar, só apresentou incremento, quando associada a solução incompleta. O nitrogênio proporcionou melhor desenvovimento e maior produtividade da cultura.
Avaliação de bancos de sementes de plantas daninhas em áreas de pastagens cultivadas com Digitaria decumbens stent. cv Pangola sob diferentes manejos Evaluation of weed seed banks in pasture areas cultivated with Digitaria decumbens stent. cv Pangola under different managements
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