This pilot study is based on the assumption that the selection of lexical items reveals the level of conceptual fluency in the target language. This assumption is supported by the model of the Dual Language System of Kecskes and Papp (2000) in which the word is an interface between the conceptual level and lexical level which blends information from both levels. To support the hypothesis the authors collected production data in an immersion school on the outskirts of Barcelona, Spain, where the students' L1 is Catalan, L2 is Spanish, and FL is English. All three languages are used as a medium of instruction. Students were asked to read articles in one language and summarize the content in their other language (Catalan text had to be summarized in English, and English text was summarized in Catalan). Data analysis based on length of summary, presence of key words and use of content word equivalents confirmed that there is a direct link between lexical choice and conceptual fluency in the FL.
A high percentage of patients have a diagnosis of adjustment disorder (AD) when they arrive at primary care (PC) appointments. However, most of them do not receive adequate psychological treatment. The present study’s aim is to determine the efficacy of a group psychological treatment program in patients with AD. The sample consisted of patients with AD from two PC units in Valencia, from which two groups were randomly generated: A treatment group (n = 31) and a waiting-list group (n = 20), homogeneous in terms of socio-demographic and psychometric variables prior to treatment. Treatment consisted of eight one-hour group sessions held on a weekly basis; taking a cognitive-behavioral approach, they addressed aspects like controlling anxiety, cognitive restructuring, and coping techniques. The variables analyzed were: Psychopathology (Revised Symptom Inventory, SCL–90–R), health-related quality of life (Health Questionnaire, SF–12), and risk of suicidal behavior (Suicide Risk Scale). Means comparisons, ANCOVAs, and tests of effect size were performed. Statistically significant differences were observed in the variables, such that after intervention, the experimental group exhibited less anxious (F = 4.11, p =.048, η2 = .08) and depressive symptoms (F = 2.41, p =.029, η 2= .10) and higher quality of life related to physical (F = 7.17, p =.010, η2 = .13) and emotional health (F = 10.31, p =.002, η2 = .18). For the reasons above, we conclude that a comprehensive approach to emotional distress in PC, including group psychological interventions, is one solution for the demand for social services, and could provide savings on economic as well as human costs.
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