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The legal framework concerning household employment has undergone a number of changes worldwide. The 100th International Labour Conference in June 2011 was highly significant as it adopted the first international labour standards specifically for domestic workers: Convention No. 189 and the supplementing Recommendation No. 201. This article analyses recent Spanish reforms (2011–2013) in order to assess the effects of these changes, taking into account the characteristics of domestic work: feminized, informal, ethnicized and vulnerable. Although aimed at improving employment and working conditions, the new Spanish legislation has resulted in a number of setbacks as well as some progress. These ambiguous effects should make policy-makers cautious when seeking to improve the situation of domestic workers. Any effective efforts to reduce informality in this sector should encompass labour, migration and gender, without disregarding the complex reality, including subjective and interpersonal factors, that might hinder the objectives of formal regulation.

Generational renewal and the incorporation of women into the rural world are fundamental for the sustainability and modernisation of the agricultural sector. Hence the special government protection granted to the sector, which appears in both European legislation on rural issues and in the global strategy of the 2030 Agenda and the Sustainable Rural Development Goals involving a commitment to measures aimed at helping young farmers to set up agricultural holdings and especially at encouraging women to engage in farm management. In the case of Spain, this is nothing new, given that Law 35/2011 on the Shared Ownership of Agricultural Holdings became a veritable revolution in terms of gender in the rural world when it came into force. The results section discusses the practical application of funding for young farmers to start up an agricultural holding through a technical and economic study, and a case study of a first-time farm set up by a young female farmer. The main contribution of this work lies in answering two questions. The first one is to evaluate the efficiency of the subsidies for young people to set up farms in terms of offering a decent, stable livelihood for young men and women in Spain and the Valencian Region. The second one attempts to verify the effectiveness of both European and Spanish active public policies to encourae young men and women to join the agricultural sector.