This review article discusses the structural and functional abnormalities observed in the hippocampus of individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD). The hippocampus plays a critical role in regulating emotions and memories, which has been implicated in the pathophysiology of BPD. The review summarizes the findings from various studies that have used neuroimaging techniques to investigate the hippocampus in BPD. The results suggest that individuals with BPD exhibit reduced hippocampal volume, altered hippocampal activation patterns, and disrupted connectivity with other brain regions. These abnormalities have been linked to several clinical features of BPD, including emotional dysregulation, impulsivity, and unstable self-image. The review also discusses potential mechanisms underlying these abnormalities, such as childhood trauma and chronic stress. Overall, this review highlights the importance of the hippocampus in the etiology of BPD and emphasizes the need for further research to understand its role in this complex disorder fully.

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a challenging and complex mental health disorder characterized by emotional dysregulation, impulsivity, unstable relationships, and a poor sense of self. Neuroplasticity, the brain's ability to change and adapt in response to experiences, is impaired in individuals with BPD, specifically in the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus. This impairment has been linked to emotional dysregulation, a core symptom of the disorder. Interventions aimed at improving neuroplasticity hold promise as a treatment target for BPD. Current evidence suggests that psychotherapeutic interventions, such as Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT), may improve neural plasticity in the brain regions associated with emotional dysregulation and may result in symptom reduction and improved functioning in individuals with BPD. However, much more research is needed to better understand the relationship between neuroplasticity and BPD, as well as to develop more targeted and effective interventions. With continued research in this area, it is hoped that improved understanding of the role of neuroplasticity in BPD will lead to the development of more effective treatments for this challenging disorder.

Ultrarunning has grown over 345% in the last ten years alone. During these events, which typically last between 6 hours and multiple days, athletes of varying experience and ability must cope with the psychological means of endurance while managing intense emotions and fatigue. Despite rapid growth in the sport, research on ultrarunners psychology has yet to be performed. No review has analyzed the psychological advantages indicating success in ultra-running. This review summarizes the current literature on the psychological indicators of ultrarunning success. Four databases were electronically searched between December 1, 2022, and January 1, 2023, to help coaches, physicians, sports therapists, athletes, and everyday people understand how to cope with and overcome psychological challenges amidst life and racing while identifying research gaps. Successful ultramarathoners had higher levels of self-efficacy, mental toughness, emotional intelligence, and lower mood variability. These findings suggest that having cognitive strategies to maintain mood stability and a common total mood disturbance may be vital to success in ultra-running. Although existing literature investigates ultra-athletes’ mindsets, further research, specifically on psychological traits of success in endurance sports, is warranted to gain greater depth on each psychological indicator that constructs successful ultrarunners' great mindset.