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Introduction Bone scintigraphy (BS) is an important tool for detecting bone metastasis. BS with diffuse increased skeletal radioisotope uptake with absent or faint urinary tract and soft tissue activity is defined as a superscan. In this review, we investigate the different etiologies causing superscan and the reported frequency of superscan among different disease entities. Materials and Methods The search terms were ‘bone’ AND ‘superscan’ OR ‘superscan’ in the PubMed database from 1980 to November 2020. Eligibility criteria included the following: Peer‐reviewed studies containing original data using 99mTc‐phosphate‐analogue BS reporting a superscan pattern. Unretrievable papers, imaging modalities other than BS or with insufficient information to assess the aetiology were excluded. The abstracts of every paper and full texts of potentially eligible papers were assessed independently by three observers. Results Sixty‐seven papers were included (48 case reports and 19 cohort studies). Studies conducted in patients with osteomalacia or skeletal fluorosis revealed superscan in all patients. Other benign causes of superscan were hyperparathyroidism and kidney disease. Among papers with malignant cause, prostate cancer was the most common cause, followed by gastric cancer. The frequency of superscans ranged from 1.3% in a cohort of mixed cancer types up to 2.6% in patients with gastric cancer and up to 23% in a cohort of prostate cancer patients. Conclusion Superscan is most frequently seen in prostate cancer, but numerous other cancers and metabolic bone diseases can cause superscan, which should be kept in mind when encountering an unexpected superscan on BS.

Renal dysfunction is associated with increased mortality in heart failure (HF) patients. However, there are limited data regarding clinical and arrhythmic outcomes associated with implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) therapy in this population. Methods:We evaluated outcomes associated with the severity of renal dysfunction with or without dialysis among 2,289 patients who were enrolled and prospectively followed up in the Israeli ICD Registry. The primary endpoint of the study was all-cause mortality. Secondary endpoints included cardiac mortality, HF hospitalization, non-cardiac hospitalization, and appropriate and inappropriate ICD therapy. Results: Severe renal dysfunction patients (estimated glomerular filtration rate ,30 ml/min/x200B;1.73 m2; n ¼ 144 patients; 6%) were older, with higher comorbidities prevalence, and more likely to suffer from advanced HF. Among severe renal dysfunction patients, those on dialysis had a lower prevalence of wide QRS and complete left bundle branch morphology, resulting in lower cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator (CRTD) implantation rates. Dialysis was associated with an overall increased risk for all-cause mortality (hazard ratio (HR) 3.22; 95% CI 1.69-6.13; p , 0.01) and for noncardiac hospitalizations (HR 2.80; p , 0.001) compared to all other study patients. However, within the subgroup of patients with severe renal dysfunction, the presence of dialysis was not an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality (HR 0.99; p ¼ 0.97) as compared to non-dialysis. The rate of appropriate ICD therapy for ventricular tachyarrhythmias increased with declining renal function, with the highest rate observed among those undergoing dialysis.Conclusions: The present findings suggest that dialysis does not significantly modify the adverse outcomes associated with severe renal dysfunction following ICD/CRTD implantation. Introduction: Comparison of subcutaneous and transvenous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (S-ICD, TV-ICD) therapy in previous studies is hampered by dissimilar patient characteristics. This study compared long-term clinical outcomes of both ICDs in a balanced cohort. Methods: ICD patients from two tertiary centers in The Netherlands were compared; S-ICDs implanted since 2009 (n ¼ 140) and TV-ICDs between 2005-2014 (n ¼ 1014). S-ICD patients were 1:1 propensity matched to 140 TV-ICD patients for 16 baseline characteristics including diagnosis. Kaplan Meier estimates for complications requiring surgical intervention were calculated at 5-year follow-up and hazard ratios (HR) for appropriate and inappropriate therapy adjusted for ICD settings. Results: All 16 baseline characteristics were balanced, with median age 41 (30-52) and 40% females. All cause complications (figure) were similar and infections occurred 4% in both arms, p ¼ 0.46. Lead complications were lower in the S-ICD group, 1% versus 13% p ¼ 0.008. S-ICDs had more non-lead complications (e.g erosion), p ¼ 0.007. Appropriate ICD intervention (antitachycardiapacing and shocks) was higher...