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Aims and scope2018 Citescore 0.97 -values from Scopus Education 3-13 -International Journal of Primary, Elementary and Early Years Education is the major international publication of the Association for the Study of Primary Education (ASPE). The defining feature of the journal is that it aims to publish refereed articles representing the highest quality research and analysing practice relating to children between the ages of 3-13, both in the UK and internationally. It should be noted, however, that whilst the submission of items relating to pre-school and the transfer to secondary education are encouraged, the central focus of the journal is on primary education and articles addressing that phase are especially welcomed. Education 3-13 will be of interest to academics, students, teachers and advisers who seek perspectives on early years, primary and middle schooling. The Journal seeks to provide an avenue for the publication of research that will help to develop policy and practice in primary education and will also assist practitioners by providing helpful and stimulating ways of viewing what they do, or might do. The Journal welcomes submissions on all aspects of primary education in the form of articles that report original research, analyse practice, discuss local and national policy and initiatives, offer a comparative perspective on research and policy and report on major research projects. Illustrations, tables, figures, photos and examples of children's work are welcomed.

Complex Instruction (CI) is a comprehensive programme relating to curriculum development and instructional methodology, using multiple ability tasks and status interventions as key concepts. In 2006, at the end of a teacher training course, a group of primary school teachers decided to develop and experiment with original CI teaching units in their classrooms in Bologna and the surrounding province. The author developed a qualitative research project using ethnographic methodology to investigate and understand how this instructional innovation was proceeding and how it was being implemented by the Bologna teacher group. The paper critically reflects on the introduction of an alternative approach in an Italian context by examining how teachers did or did not reach new educational goals and how they coped with their schools' structural conditions (such as schedules, curriculum demands) as well as cultural factors (such as professional values). The paper discusses how the CI strategy was debated and interpreted by the teachers involved, and the barriers and opportunities for implementation.

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